Inhibition of Mertk Signaling Enhances Bone Healing after Tooth Extraction

Abstract

Regeneration of alveolar bone is an essential step in restoring healthy function following tooth extraction. Growth of new bone in the healing extraction socket can be variable and often unpredictable when systemic comorbidities are present, leading to the need for additional therapeutic targets to accelerate the regenerative process. One such target is the TAM family (Tyro3, Axl, Mertk) of receptor tyrosine kinases. These proteins have been shown to help resolve inflammation and maintain bone homeostasis and thus may have therapeutic benefits in bone regeneration following extraction. Treatment of mice with a pan-TAM inhibitor (RXDX-106) led to accelerated alveolar bone fill following first molar extraction in a mouse model without changing immune infiltrate. Treatment of human alveolar bone mesenchymal stem cells with RXDX-106 upregulated Wnt signaling and primed the cells for osteogenic differentiation. Differentiation of human alveolar bone mesenchymal stem cells with osteogenic media and TAM-targeted inhibitor RXDX-106 (pan-TAM), ASP-2215 (Axl specific), or MRX-2843 (Mertk specific) showed enhanced mineralization with pan-TAM or Mertk-specific inhibitors and no change with Axl-specific inhibitor. First molar extractions in Mertk^–/– mice had increased alveolar bone regeneration in the extraction socket relative to wild type controls 7 d postextraction. Flow cytometry of 7-d extraction sockets showed no difference in immune cell numbers between Mertk ^–/– and wild type mice. RNAseq of day 7 extraction sockets showed increased innate immune-related pathways and genes associated with bone differentiation in Mertk ^–/– mice. Together, these results indicate that TAM receptor signaling, specifically through Mertk, can be targeted to enhance bone regeneration after injury.