Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

A lingering concern with restored root-filled teeth is the loss of structural integrity of the dentin and dentin-sealer interface over time. We hypothesized that crosslinking of dentin collagen with simultaneous incorporation of a biopolymer into collagen matrix would improve its structural stability. This study aimed to investigate the effects of combining chemical/photodynamic crosslinking of dentin collagen with the incorporation of carboxymethyl-chitosan (CMCS) on the resistance to enzymatic degradation and mechanical properties of dentin collagen. Ninety-six demineralized dentin collagen specimens (human, n = 72; and bovine, n = 24) were prepared and crosslinked chemically/ photodynamically, with/without CMCS. Glutaraldehyde and carbodiimides were used for chemical crosslinking, while rose Bengal activated with a non-coherent light (540 nm) at 20 J/cm² was applied for photodynamic crosslinking. The crosslinked human dentin collagen was subjected to chemical characterization, 7 days enzymatic degradation, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the bovine dentin collagen was used for tensile-testing. Crosslinked collagen showed significantly higher resistance to enzymatic degradation (p < 0.01), stable ultrastructure, and increased tensile strength (p < 0.05). Crosslinking CMCS with collagen matrix as observed in the TEM further improved the mechanical properties of dentin collagen (p < 0.01). This study highlighted the possibility of improving the resistance and toughness of dentin collagen by chemically/photodynamically crosslinking collagen matrix with CMCS.

Keywords

collagen crosslinking chitosan photodynamic degradation TEM

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Beauchamp

Jr St Clair

Fennell

Clarke

Morgan

Kari

(1992). A critical review of the toxicology of glutaraldehyde. Crit Rev Toxicol 22:143-174.

Bedran-Russo

Pereira

Duarte

Drummond

Yamauchi

(2007). Application of crosslinkers to dentin collagen enhances the ultimate tensile strength. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 80:268-272.

Bedran-Russo

Castellan

Shinohara

Hassan

Antunes

(2011). Characterization of biomodified dentin matrices for potential preventive and reparative therapies. Acta Biomater 7:1735-1741.

Breschi

Martin

Mazzoni

Nato

Carrilho

Tjäderhane

. (2010). Use of a specific MMP-inhibitor (galardin) for preservation of hybrid layer. Dent Mater 26:571-578.

Chan

Hui

Chan

Cheung

. (2007). Photochemical cross-linking for collagen-based scaffolds: a study on optical properties, mechanical properties, stability, and hematocompatibility. Tissue Eng 13:73-85.

Currey

(1984). Effects of difference in mineralization on the mechanical properties of bone. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol Sci 304:509-518.

Everaerts

Torrianni

van Luyn

Van Wacham

Feijen

Hendriks

(2004). Reduced calcification of bioprostheses, cross-linked via an improved carbodiimide based method. Biomaterials 25:5523-5530.

Ferrari

Mason

Goracci

Pashley

Tay

(2004). Collagen degradation in endodontically treated teeth after clinical function. J Dent Res 83:414-419.

Habelitz

Balooch

Marshall

Balooch

Marshall

Jr (2002). In situ atomic force microscopy of partially demineralized human dentin collagen fibrils. J Struct Biol 138:227-236.

10.

Jayakrishnan

Jameela

(1996). Glutaraldehyde as a fixative in bioprostheses and drug delivery matrices. Biomaterials 17:471-484.

11.

Kishen

(2006). Mechanisms and risk factors for fracture predilection in endodontically treated teeth. Endod Topics 13:57-83.

12.

Kishen

Kumar

Chen

(2004). Stress-strain response in human dentine: rethinking fracture predilection in postcore restored teeth. Dent Traumatol 20:90-100.

13.

Kishen

Shi

Shrestha

Neoh

(2008). An investigation on the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of cationic nanoparticulates for root canal disinfection. J Endod 34:1515-1520.

14.

Laudenslager

Schiffman

Schauer

(2008). Carboxymethyl chitosan as a matrix material for platinum, gold, and silver nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 9:2682-2685.

15.

Madhavan

Belchenko

Motta

Tan

(2010). Evaluation of composition and crosslinking effects on collagen-based composite constructs. Acta Biomater 6:1413-1422.

16.

Mandl

MacLennan

Howes

DeBellis

Sohler

(1953). Isolation and characterization of proteinase and collagenase from Cl. histolyticum. J Clin Invest 32:1323-1329.

17.

Nakamichi

Iwaku

Fusayama

(1983). Bovine teeth as possible substitutes in the adhesion test. J Dent Res 62:1076-1081.

18.

Niu

Yoshioka

Kobayashi

Suda

(2002). A scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal erosion by final irrigation with EDTA and NaOCl solutions. Int Endod J 35:934-939.

19.

Rabea

Badawy

Stevens

Smagghe

Steurbaut

(2003). Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules 4:1457-1465.

20.

Rafat

Fagerholm

Lagali

Watsky

Munger

. (2008). PEG-stabilized carbodiimide crosslinked collagen-chitosan hydrogels for corneal tissue engineering. Biomaterials 29:3960 -3972.

21.

Rivera

Yamauchi

(1993). Site comparisons of dentin collagen cross-links from extracted human teeth. Arch Oral Biol 38:541-546.

22.

Shrestha

Zhilong

Neoh

Kishen

(2010). Nanoparticulates for antibiofilm treatment and effect of aging on its antibacterial activity. J Endod 36:1030-1035.

23.

Sionkowska

Wisniewski

Skopinska

Kennedy

Wess

(2004). Molecular interactions in collagen and chitosan blends. Biomaterials 25:795-801.

24.

Spikes

Shen

Kopeckova

Kopecek

(1999). Photodynamic crosslinking of proteins. III. Kinetics of the FMN- and rose Bengal-sensitized photooxidation and intermolecular crosslinking of model tyrosine-containing N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymers. Photochem Photobiol 70:130-137.

25.

Staros

Wright

Swingle

(1986). Enhancement by N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide of water-soluble carbodiimide-mediated coupling reactions. Anal Biochem 156:220-222.

26.

Stryer

(1988). Biochemistry. 3rd ed. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Co., pp. 16-42.

27.

Sung

Chang

Lee

(2003). Crosslinking of biological tissues using genipin and/or carbodiimide. J Biomed Mater Res A 64:427-438.

28.

Tan

Krishnaraj

Desai

(2001). Evaluation of nanostructured composite collagen-chitosan matrices for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng 7:203-210.

29.

Tay

Hosoya

Loushine

Pashley

Weller

Low

(2006). Ultrastructure of intraradicular dentin after irrigation with BioPure MTAD. II. The consequence of obturation with an epoxy resin-based sealer. J Endod 32:473-477.

30.

Verweij

Steveninck

(1982). Model studies on photodynamic cross-linking. Photochem Photobiol 35:265-267.

31.

Vincent

(1990). Structural biomaterials. Revised ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

32.

Vire

(1991). Failure of endodontically treated teeth: classification and evaluation. J Endod 17:338-342.

33.

Wang

Feng

Cui

. (2003). Crosslinked collagen/chitosan matrix for artificial livers. Biomaterials 24:3213-3220.

34.

Watanabe

(2004). Collagenolytic proteases from bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63:520-526.

35.

Wollensak

Iomdina

(2009). Long-term biomechanical properties of rabbit sclera after collagen crosslinking using riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UVA). Acta Ophthalmol 87:193-198.

36.

Yamazaki

Bedran-Russo

Pereira

(2008). Importance of the hybrid layer on the bond strength of restorations subjected to cyclic loading. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 84:291-297.

Photodynamically Crosslinked and Chitosan-incorporated Dentin Collagen

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References