There have been significant advances in techniques for the detection of biomarker signals in the oral cavity (e.g., ELISAs for proteins, PCR for RNA and DNA) as well as the engineering and development of microfluidic approaches to make oral-based point-of-care (POC) methods for the diagnosis for both local and systemic conditions a reality. In this section, we focus on three such approaches, namely, periodontal disease management, early markers for systemic diseases, and salivary markers useful for pharmacogenomic studies. Novel approaches using non-invasive, salivary samples and user-friendly devices offer results that are as sensitive and specific as laboratory-based analyses using blood or urine.
BabicNHaverfieldEVBurrusJALozadaADasSYeoKT (2009). Comparison of performance of three commercial platforms for warfarin sensitivity genotyping. Clin Chim Acta406:143-147.
2.
CasanovaJLAbelL (2004). The human model: a genetic dissection of immunity to infection in natural conditions. Nat Rev Immunol4:55-66.
3.
ChristodoulidesNFlorianoPNMillerCSEbersoleJLMohantySDharshanP. (2007). Lab-on-a-chip methods for point-of-care measurements of salivary biomarkers of periodontitis. Ann NY Acad Sci1098:411-428.
4.
CookeJWSarmentDPWhitesmanLAMillerSEJinQLynchSE. (2006). Effect of rhPDGF-BB delivery on mediators of periodontal wound repair. Tissue Eng12:1441-1450.
5.
CostaPPTrevisanGLMacedoGOPaliotoDBSouzaSLGrisiMF. (2010). Salivary interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-8, and osteoprotegerin in patients with periodontitis and diabetes. J Periodontol81:384-391.
6.
DalyAK (2009). Pharmacogenomics of anticoagulants: steps toward personal dosage. Genome Med1:10.
7.
DarveauRP (2010). Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. Nat Rev Microbiol8:481-490.
8.
FineDHMarkowitzKFurgangDFairlieKFerrandizJNasriC. (2009). Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha: a salivary biomarker of bone loss in a longitudinal cohort study of children at risk for aggressive periodontal disease?J Periodontol80:106-113.
9.
FlorianoPNChristodoulidesNMillerCSEbersoleJLSpertusJRoseBG. (2009). Use of saliva-based nano-biochip tests for acute myocardial infarction at the point of care: a feasibility study. Clin Chem55:1530-1538.
10.
GakEHalkinH (2008). Shifting paradigms in the pharmacogenetics of warfarin. Pharmacogenomics9:1373-1375.
11.
GapskiRHasturkHVan DykeTEOringerRJWangSBraunTM. (2009). Systemic MMP inhibition for periodontal wound repair: results of a multi-centre randomized-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol36:149-156.
12.
GarletGP (2010). Destructive and protective roles of cytokines in periodontitis: a reappraisal from host defense and tissue destruction viewpoints. J Dent Res89:1349-1363.
13.
GiannobileWVBeiklerTKinneyJSRamseierCAMorelliTWongDT (2009). Saliva as a diagnostic tool for periodontal disease: current state and future directions. Periodontol 200050:52-64.
14.
Gonçalves LdaRSoaresMRNogueiraFCGarciaCCamisascaDRDomontG. (2010). Comparative proteomic analysis of whole saliva from chronic periodontitis patients. J Proteomics73:1334-1341.
15.
GoodeyALavigneJJSavoySMRodriguezMDCureyTTsaoA. (2001). Development of multianalyte sensor arrays composed of chemically derivatized polymeric microspheres localized in micromachined cavities. J Am Chem Soc123:2559-2570.
16.
GoodeyAPMcDevittJT (2003). Multishell microspheres with integrated chromatographic and detection layers for use in array sensors. J Am Chem Soc125:2870-2871.
17.
GumusPBuduneliNCetinkalpSHawkinsSIRenaudDKinaneDF. (2009). Salivary antioxidants in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes and inflammatory periodontal disease: a case-control study. J Periodontol80:1440-1446.
18.
GursoyUKKononenEPradhan-PalikhePTervahartialaTPussinenPJSuominen-TaipaleL. (2010). Salivary MMP-8, TIMP-1, and ICTP as markers of advanced periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol37:487-493.
19.
HaighBJStewartKWWhelanJRBarnettMPSmolenskiGAWheelerTT (2010). Alterations in the salivary proteome associated with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol37:241-247.
IwanoYSuganoNMatsumotoKNishiharaRIizukaTYoshinumaN. (2010). Salivary microbial levels in relation to periodontal status and caries development. J Periodontal Res45:165-169.
24.
JokerstJVMcDevittJT (2010). Programmable nano-bio-chips: multifunctional clinical tools for use at the point-of-care. Nanomedicine (Lond)5:143-155.
MalamudD (2006). Salivary diagnostics: the future is now. J Am Dent Assoc137:284-286.
30.
MillerCSKingCPJrLangubMCKryscioRJThomasMV (2006). Salivary biomarkers of existing periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study. J Am Dent Assoc137:322-329.
31.
MillerCSFoleyJDBaileyALCampellCLHumphriesRLChristodoulidesN. (2010). Current developments in salivary diagnostics. Biomark Med4:171-189.
32.
MirrieleesJCroffordLJLinYKryscioRJDawsonDRIIIEbersoleJL. (2010). Rheumatoid arthritis and salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol37:1068-1074.
33.
MorelliTNeivaROhTJScheyerETNevinsMLMcGuireMK. (2011). Angiogenic biomarkers and healing of living cellular constructs. J Dent Res90:456-462.
34.
NgPYDonleyMHausmannEHutsonADRossomandoEFScannapiecoFA (2007). Candidate salivary biomarkers associated with alveolar bone loss: cross-sectional and in vitro studies. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol49:252-260.
35.
OffenbacherSBarrosSPSingerREMossKWilliamsRCBeckJD (2007). Periodontal disease at the biofilm-gingival interface. J Periodontol78:1911-1925.
RamseierCAKinneyJSHerrAEBraunTSugaiJVShelburneCA. (2009). Identification of pathogen and host-response markers correlated with periodontal disease. J Periodontol80:436-446.
39.
RettieAETaiG (2006). The pharmocogenomics of warfarin: closing in on personalized medicine. Mol Interv6:223-227.
40.
RiosHFGiannobileWV (2010). Osteoporosis and periodontal diseases. In: Oral manifestations of systemic diseases. GencoRJWilliamsRC, editors. New York: Aegis Press.
41.
RodriguezWRChristodoulidesNFlorianoPNGrahamSMohantySDixonM. (2005). A microchip CD4 counting method for HIV monitoring in resource-poor settings. PLoS Med2:e182.
42.
SarmentDPCookeJWMillerSEJinQMcGuireMKKaoRT. (2006). Effect of rhPDGF-BB on bone turnover during periodontal repair. J Clin Periodontol33:135-140.
43.
SuhKIKimYKKhoHS (2009). Salivary levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Arch Oral Biol54:797-802.
44.
TabakLA (2001). A revolution in biomedical assessment: the development of salivary diagnostics. J Dent Educ65:1335-1339.
45.
TanGMWuELamYYYanBP (2010). Role of warfarin pharmacogenetic testing in clinical practice. Pharmacogenomics11:439-448.
46.
WeigumSEFlorianoPNChristodoulidesNMcDevittJT (2007). Cell-based sensor for analysis of EGFR biomarker expression in oral cancer. Lab Chip7:995-1003.
47.
YagerPEdwardsTFuEHeltonKNelsonKTamMR. (2006). Microfluidic diagnostic technologies for global public health. Nature442:412-418.
48.
ZhangLHensonBSCamargoPMWongDT (2009). The clinical value of salivary biomarkers for periodontal disease. Periodontol 200051:25-37.
