While human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) have been investigated, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) are a relatively new cell source. Little has been reported on hUCMSC encapsulation in scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. The objective of this study was to encapsulate hBMSCs and hUCMSCs in calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds for dental, craniofacial, and orthopedic applications. Stem-cell-encapsulating CPC construct with chitosan and fiber reinforcement reached the strength of cancellous bone, which was much stronger than previous injectable carriers for cell delivery. hUCMSCs and hBMSCs inside the constructs showed excellent viability and osteo-differentiation. The encapsulated hUCMSCs synthesized nearly three-fold more bone minerals than the hBMSCs in vitro. Hence, stem-cell-encapsulating CPC-chitosan-fiber construct may be promising for dental and orthopedic applications. This study indicated that the hUCMSCs were a potent alternative to the gold-standard hBMSCs, which may have a broad impact on regenerative medicine and dental tissue engineering.
BaileyMMWangLBodeCJMitchellKEDetamoreMS (2007). A comparison of human umbilical cord matrix stem cells and temporomandibular joint condylar chondrocytes for tissue engineering temporomandibular joint condylar cartilage. Tissue Eng13:2003-2010.
2.
BakshDYaoRTuanRS (2007). Comparison of proliferative and multilineage differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord and bone marrow. Stem Cells25:1384-1392.
3.
BarraletJEGauntTWrightAJGibsonIRKnowlesJC (2002). Effect of porosity reduction by compaction on compressive strength and microstructure of calcium phosphate cement. J Biomed Mater Res63:1-9.
4.
BenoitDSDurneyARAnsethKS (2007). The effect of heparin-functionalized PEG hydrogels on three-dimensional human mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation. Biomaterials28:66-77.
5.
BohnerMBaroudG (2005). Injectability of calcium phosphate pastes. Biomaterials26:1553-1563.
6.
BrownWEChowLC (1986). A new calcium phosphate water setting cement. In: Cements research progress. BrownPW, editor. Westerville, OH: American Ceramic Society, pp. 352-379.
7.
BurgueraEFXuHHSunL (2008). Injectable calcium phosphate cement: effects of powder-to-liquid ratio and needle size. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater84:493-502.
8.
CanAKarahuseyinogluS (2007). Concise review: human umbilical cord stroma with regard to the source of fetus-derived stem cells. Stem Cells25:2886-2895.
9.
DamienCJParsonsJR (1991). Bone graft and bone graft substitutes: a review of current technology and applications. J Appl Biomater2:187-208.
10.
DevilleSSaizENallaRKTomsiaAP (2006). Freezing as a path to build complex composites. Science311:515-518.
11.
DruryJLMooneyDJ (2003). Review. Hydrogels for tissue engineering: scaffold design variables and applications. Biomaterials24:4337-4351.
12.
DruryJLDennisRGMooneyDJ (2004). The tensile properties of alginate hydrogels. Biomaterials25:3187-3199.
13.
DucheynePQiuQ (1999). Bioactive ceramics: the effect of surface reactivity on bone formation and bone cell function. Biomaterials20:2287-2303.
14.
FoppianoSMarshallSJMarshallGWSaizETomsiaAP (2004). The influence of novel bioactive glasses on in vitro osteoblast behavior. J Biomed Mater Res71(A):242-249.
15.
FriedmanCDCostantinoPDTakagiSChowLC (1998). BoneSource™ hydroxyapatite cement: a novel biomaterial for craniofacial skeletal tissue engineering and reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res43:428-432.
16.
KuoCKMaPX (2001). Ionically crosslinked alginate hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering: Part I. Structure, gelation rate and mechanical properties. Biomaterials22:511-521.
MaoJJVunjak-NovakovicGMikosAGAtalaA, editors (2007). Translational approaches in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Boston, MA, USA: Artech House.
23.
MoreauJLXuHH (2009). Mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation on an injectable calcium phosphate-chitosan composite scaffold. Biomaterials30:2675-2682.
24.
MuzzarelliRABiaginiGBellardiniMSimonelliLCastaldiniCFrattoG (1993). Osteoconduction exerted by methylpyrolidinone chitosan in dental surgery. Biomaterials14:39-43.
25.
NakamuraHSaruwatariLAitaHTakeuchiKOgawaT (2005). Molecular and biomechanical characterization of mineralized tissue by dental pulp cells on titanium. J Dent Res84:515-520.
26.
PraemerAFurnerSRiceDP (1999). Musculoskeletal conditions in the United States. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.
27.
RichardsonTPPetersMCEnnettAMooneyDJ (2001). Polymeric system for dual growth factor delivery. Nat Biotechnol19:1029-1034.
28.
ShiXSitharamanBPhamQPLiangFWuKBillupsWE. (2007). Fabrication of porous ultra-short single-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials28:4078-4090.
29.
ShindoMLCostantinoPDFriedmanCDChowLC (1993). Facial skeletal augmentation using hydroxyapatite cement. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg119:185-190.
30.
SikavitsasVIBancroftGNHoltorfHLJansenJAMikosAG (2003). Mineralized matrix deposition by marrow stromal osteoblasts in 3D perfusion culture increases with increasing fluid shear forces. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA100:14683-14688.
31.
SitharamanBShiXWalboomersXFLiaoHCuijpersVWilsonLJ. (2008). In vivo biocompatibility of ultra-short single-walled carbon nanotube/biodegradable polymer nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering. Bone43:362-370.
32.
VogelGLChowLCBrownWE (1983). A microanalytical procedure for the determination of calcium, phosphate and fluoride in enamel biopsy samples. Caries Res17:23-31.
33.
WangHSHungSCPengST (2004). Mesenchymal stem cells in the Wharton’s jelly of the human umbilical cord. Stem Cells22:1330-1337.
34.
WangLSinghMBonewaldLFDetamoreMS (2009). Signaling strategies for osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells for 3D bone tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med3:398-404.
35.
WeirMDXuHHSimonCG (2006). Strong calcium phosphate cement-chitosan-mesh construct containing cell-encapsulating hydrogel beads for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A77:487-496.
36.
XuHHSimonCG (2005). Fast setting calcium phosphate-chitosan scaffold: mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Biomaterials26:1337-1348.
37.
XuHHWeirMDBurgueraEFFraserAM (2006). Injectable and macroporous calcium phosphate cement scaffold. Biomaterials27:4279-4287.
38.
ZhaoLWeirMDXuHH (2010). Human umbilical cord stem cell encapsulation in calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone engineering. Biomaterials31:3848-3857.
