Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The functional impact of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)ergic neurons in nociceptive transmission of the spinal trigeminal nucleus is not fully established. Using both the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)₆₇-green fluorescence protein (GFP) knock-in mouse and the tooth pulp stimulation model, we performed double-immunofluorescent histochemistry to determine the characteristics of GABAergic neuron activation in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The number of Fos-positive GABAergic neuronal profiles was significantly increased 2 hrs after tooth pulp stimulation. The Fos/GFP double-labeled neurons were mainly present in superficial laminae of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris-caudalis transition (Vi/Vc) and subnucleus caudalis (Vc) on the side ipsilateral to the stimulation. Subsequently, the number of double-labeled neurons decreased gradually and became comparable with that of the controls by 48 hrs. Our results provide direct morphological evidence that a subset of GABAergic neurons in the spinal trigeminal system was activated during tooth pulp stimulation.

Keywords

GABAergic neurons Fos spinal trigeminal nucleus nociception tooth pulp stimulation

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Avendaño

Machín

Bermejo

Lagares

(2005). Neuron numbers in the sensory trigeminal nuclei of the rat: a GABA- and glycine-immunocytochemical and stereological analysis. J Comp Neurol 493:538-553.

Azerad

Woda

Albe-Fessard

(1982). Physiological properties of neurons in different parts of the cat trigeminal sensory complex. Brain Res 246:7-21.

Boissonade

Matthews

(1993). Responses of trigeminal brain stem neurons and the digastric muscle to tooth-pulp stimulation in awake cats. J Neurophysiol 69:174-186.

Bullitt

Lee

Light

Willcockson

(1992). The effect of stimulus duration on noxious-stimulus induced c-fos expression in the rodent spinal cord. Brain Res 580:172-179.

Byers

Närhi

(1999). Dental injury models: experimental tools for understanding neuroinflammatory interactions and polymodal nociceptor functions. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 10:4-39.

Charlton

(1995). Ethical guidelines for pain research in humans. Committee on Ethical Issues of the International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain 63:277-278.

Chattipakorn

Light

Närhi

Maixner

(2005). Comparison of Fos expression within the ferret’s spinal trigeminal nuclear complex evoked by electrical or noxious-thermal pulpal stimulation. J Pain 6:569-580.

Chiang

Kwan

Sessle

(1999). Effects of GABA receptor antagonist on trigeminal caudalis nociceptive neurons in normal and neonatally capsaicin-treated rats. J Neurophysiol 82:2154-2162.

Esclapez

Tillakaratne

Kaufman

Tobin

Houser

(1994). Comparative localization of two forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase and their mRNAs in rat brain supports the concept of functional differences between the forms. J Neurosci 14:1834-1855.

10.

Gobel

Hockfield

Ruda

(1981). Anatomical similarities between the medullary and spinal dorsal horns. In: Oral-facial sensory and motor functions. Kawamura

Dubner

, editors. Tokyo, Japan: Quintessence Publishing, pp. 211-223.

11.

Hayashi

(1980). A problem in electrical stimulation of incisor tooth pulp in rats. Exp Neurol 67:438-441.

12.

Ichikawa

Sugimoto

(2000). The effect of neonatal capsaicin on the c-Fos-like immunoreactivity induced in subnucleus oralis neurons by noxious intraoral stimulation. Brain Res 860:203-207.

13.

(1990). Response properties of nociceptive and non-nociceptive neurons in the rat’s trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) related to cutaneous and deep craniofacial afferent stimulation and modulation by diffuse noxious inhibitory controls. Pain 41:331-345.

14.

Sessle

(1989). Effects of tooth pulp deafferentation on nociceptive and nonnociceptive neurons of the feline trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn). J Neurophysiol 61:1197-1206.

15.

Shohara

Sessle

(1992). Patterns and plasticity of dental afferent inputs to trigeminal (V) brainstem neurons in kittens. Proc Finn Dent Soc 88(Suppl 1):563-569.

16.

Huang

Wang

Tamamaki

(2008). 5-HT(3A) receptor subunit is expressed in a subpopulation of GABAergic and enkephalinergic neurons in the mouse dorsal spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 441:1-6.

17.

Iwata

Takahashi

Tsuboi

Ochiai

Hibiya

Sakaki

. (1998). Fos protein induction in the medullary dorsal horn and first segment of the spinal cord by tooth-pulp stimulation in cats. Pain 75:27-36.

18.

Kaneko

Hammond

(1997). Role of spinal gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors in formalin-induced nociception in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282:928-938.

19.

Marfurt

Rajchert

(1991). Trigeminal primary afferent projections to “non-trigeminal” areas of the rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 303:489-511.

20.

Matthews

(1985). Peripheral and central aspects of trigeminal nociceptive systems. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 308:313-324.

21.

Mutoh

Tani-Ishii

Tsukinoki

Chieda

Watanabe

(2007). Expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in dental pulp. J Endod 33:1183-1186.

22.

Myslinski

Matthews

(1987). Intrapulpal nerve stimulation in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 22:73-78.

23.

Nord

Young

(1975). Projection of tooth pulp afferents to the cat trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Brain Res 90:195-204.

24.

Oakden

Boissonade

(1998). Fos expression in the ferret trigeminal nuclear complex following tooth pulp stimulation. Neuroscience 84:1197-1208.

25.

Price

McHaffie

(1988). Effects of heterotopic conditioning stimuli on first and second pain: a psychophysical evaluation in humans. Pain 34:245-252.

26.

Rajaona

Dallel

Woda

(1986). Is electrical stimulation of the rat incisor an appropriate experimental nociceptive stimulus? Exp Neurol 93:291-299.

27.

Rodd

Boissonade

(2001). Innervation of human tooth pulp in relation to caries and dentition type. J Dent Res 80:389-393.

28.

Sessle

(2000). Acute and chronic craniofacial pain: brainstem mechanisms of nociceptive transmission and neuroplasticity, and their clinical correlates. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 11:57-91.

29.

Sessle

Greenwood

(1976). Inputs to trigeminal brain stem neurones from facial oral, tooth pulp and pharyngolaryngeal tissues: I. Responses to innocuous and noxious stimuli. Brain Res 117:211-226.

30.

Sugimoto

Funahashi

Ichikawa

(1998). Induction of immediate-early genes c-fos and zif268 in the subnucleus oralis by noxious tooth pulp stimulation. Brain Res 794:355-358.

31.

Takemura

Nagase

Yoshida

Yasuda

Kitamura

Shigenaga

. (1993). The central projections of the monkey tooth pulp afferent neurons. Somatosens Mot Res 10:217-227.

32.

Takemura

Shimada

Shigenaga

(2000). GABA_A receptor-mediated effects on expression of c-Fos in rat trigeminal nucleus following high- and low-intensity afferent stimulation. Neuroscience 98:325-332.

33.

Tamamaki

Yanagawa

Tomioka

Miyazaki

Obata

Kaneko

(2003). Green fluorescent protein expression and co-localization with calretinin, parvalbumin, and somatostatin in the GAD₆₇-GFP knock-in mouse. J Comp Neurol 467:60-79.

34.

Tsuru

Otani

Kajiyama

Suemune

Shigenaga

(1989). Central terminations of periodontal mechanoreceptive and tooth pulp afferents in the trigeminal principal and oral nuclei of the cat. Brain Res 485:29-61.

35.

Willis

Coggeshall

(1991). Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord. 2nd ed. New York: Plenum Publishing.

36.

Yokota

(1975). Excitation of units in marginal rim of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis elicited by tooth pulp stimulation. Brain Res 95:154-158.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.33 MB

Activation of GABAergic Neurons following Tooth Pulp Stimulation

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References

Supplementary Material