In dentinogenesis, certain growth factors, matrix proteoglycans, and proteins are directly or indirectly dependent on growth hormone. The hypothesis that growth hormone up-regulates the expression of enzymes, sialoproteins, and other extracellular matrix proteins implicated in the formation and mineralization of tooth and bone matrices was tested by the treatment of Lewis dwarf rats with growth hormone over 5 days. The molar teeth were processed for immunohistochemical demonstration of bone-alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic proteins-2 and -4, osteocalcin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and Ell protein. Odontoblasts responded to growth hormone by more cells expressing bone morphogenetic protein, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. No changes were found in bone sialoprotein or E11 protein expression. Thus, growth hormone may stimulate odontoblasts to express several growth factors and matrix proteins associated with dentin matrix biosynthesis in mature rat molars.
Bègue-Kim C., Smith AJ, Loriot M., Kupferle C., Ruch JV, Lesot H. (1994). Comparative analysis of TGF beta's, bone morphogenetic proteins, IGF1, msxs, fibronectin, osteonectin and bone sialoprotein gene expression during normal and in vitro-induced odontoblast differentiation . Int J Dev Biol38:405-420.
2.
Bianco P., Fisher LW, Young MF, Termine JD, Robey PG (1991). Expression of bone sialoprotein in developing human tissues. Calcif Tissue Int49:421-426.
3.
Bosshardt DD, Zalzal S., McKee MD, Nanci A. (1998). Developmental appearance of distribution of bone sialoprotein and osteopontin in human and rat cementum. Anat Rec250:13-33.
4.
Bronckers AL, Gay S., Finkelman RD, Butler WT (1987). Developmental appearance of Gla protein (osteocalcin) and alkaline phosphatase in tooth germs and bones of the rat. Bone Miner2:361-373.
5.
Charlton HM, Clark RG, Robinson IC, Goff AE, Cox BS, Bugnon C., et al. (1988). Growth hormone-deficient dwarfism in the rat: a new mutation. JEndocrinol119:51-58.
6.
Chen J., McCulloch CA, Sodek J. (1993). Bone sialoprotein in developing porcine dental tissues: cellular expression and comparison of tissue localization with osteopontin and osteonectin. Arch Oral Biol38:241-249.
7.
Crosby AH, Lyu MS, Lin K., McBride OW, Kerr JM, Aplin HM, et al. (1996). Mapping of the human and mouse bone sialoprotein and osteopontin loci. Mammalian Genome7:149-151.
8.
D'Souza RN, Cavender A., Dickinson D., Roberts A., Letterio J. (1998). TGF-betal is essential for the homeostasis of the dentin-pulp complex. Eur J Oral Sci106(Suppl 1):185-191.
9.
Finkelman RD, Mohan S., Jennings JC, Taylor AK, Jepsen S., Baylink DJ (1990). Quantitation of growth factors IGF-I, SGFIIGF-II, and TGF-beta in human dentin. J Bone Miner Res5:717-723.
10.
Joseph BK, Savage NW, Young WG, Gupta GS, Breier BH, Waters MJ (1993). Expression and regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I in the rat incisor. Growth Factors8:267-275.
11.
Li H., Bartold PM, Zhang CZ, Clarkson RW, Young WG, Waters MJ (1998). Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I induce bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4: a mediator role in bone and tooth formation. Endocrinology139:3855-3862.
12.
Nair BT, Majestca RJ, Rodan GA (1987). Rat alkaline phosphatase: purification and characterisation of the enzyme from osteosarcoma-generation of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies . Arch Biochem Biophys254:18-27.
13.
Nakashima M. (1990a). An ultrastructural study of the differentiation of mesenchymal cells in implants of allogeneic dentine matrix on the amputated dental pulp of the dog. Arch Oral Biol35:277-281.
14.
Nakashima M. (1990b). The induction of reparative dentine in the amputated dental pulp of the dog by bone morphogenetic protein. Arch Oral Biol35:493-497.
15.
Samuels A., Perry MJ, Tobias JH (1999). High-dose estrogen induces de novo medullary bone formation in female mice. J Bone Miner Res14:178-186.
16.
Sandberg MM (1991). Matrix in cartilage and bone development. Current views on the function and regulation of major organic components. Ann Med23:207-217.
17.
Schiltz PM, Ohta T., Glass D., Mohan S., Baylink DJ (1992). Growth hormone stimulates cortical bone formation in immature hypophysectomized rats. Endocr Res18:19-30.
18.
Schmidt IU, Dobnig H., Turner RT (1995). Intermittent parathyroid hormone treatment increases osteoblasts number, steady-state messenger ribonucleic acid levels for osteocalcin and bone formation in tibial metaphysis of hypophysectomized female rats. Endocrinology136:5127-5134.
19.
Tenorio D., Cruchley A., Hughes FJ (1993). Immunocytochemical investigation of the rat cementoblast phenotype. J Periodont Res28:411-419.
20.
Wetterwald A., Hofstetter W., Cecchini MG, Lanske B., Wagner C., Fleisch H., et al. (1996). Characterization and cloning of the E11 antigen, a marker expressed by rat osteoblasts and osteocytes. Bone18:125-132.
21.
Young WG (1995). Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor in odontogenesis. Int J Dev Biol39:263-272.
22.
Young WG, Ruch JV, Stevens MR, Bègue-Kirn C., Zhang CZ, Lesot H., et al. (1995). Comparison of the effects of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I and fetal calf serum on mouse molar odontogenesis in vitro. Arch Oral Biol40:789-799.
23.
Zhang CZ, Young WG, Waters MJ (1992). Immunocytochemical localization of growth hormone receptor in rat maxillary teeth. Arch Oral Biol37:77-84.
24.
Zhang CZ, Young WG, Breipohl W., Doehrn S., Li H., Waters MJ (1994). Growth hormone regulates an N-acetylgalactosamine component in odontogenesis: a specific lectin-binding study in the Lewis dwarf rat. J Oral Pathol Med23:193-199.
25.
Zhang CZ, Li H., Bartold PM, Young WG, Waters MJ (1995). Effect of growth hormone on the distribution of decorin and biglycan during odontogenesis in the rat incisor. J Dent Res74:1636-1643.
