Vitamin D deficiency elicits hypocalcified dentin. However, little is known about the action of vitamin D on the syntheses of dentin matrix proteins. In this study, we examined the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] on the expressions of osteocalcin and osteonectin/secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), by human pulp cells in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). 1,25(OH)2D3 markedly increased osteocalcin at protein and mRNA levels. The osteocalcin level induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 was decreased and increased by TGF-β 1 and bFGF, respectively. 1,25(OH)2D3 suppressed SPARC synthesis at protein and mRNA levels. TGF-β1, but not bFGF, increased SPARC synthesis in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D 3. SPARC, but not osteocalcin, increased DNA synthesis in pulp cells. These findings suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 and growth factors interactively regulate the expression of osteocalcin and SPARC in pulp cells, and that SPARC can stimulate DNA synthesis by pulp cells.
Bailleul-Forestier I., Davideau JL, Papagerakis P., Noble I., Nessmann C., Peuchmaur M., et al. (1996). Immunolocalization of vitamin D receptor and calbindin-D28k in human tooth germ. Pediatr Res39:636-642.
2.
Begue-Kirn C., Smith AJ, Loriot M., Kupferle C., Ruch JV, Lesot H. (1994). Comparative analysis of TGFβs, BMPs, IGF1, msxs, fibronectin, osteonectin, and bone sialoprotein gene expression during normal and in vitro-induced odontoblast differentiation. Int J Dev Biol38:405-420.
3.
Berdal A., Hotton D., Pike JW, Mathieu H., Dupret JM (1993). Cell- and stage-specific expression of vitamin D receptor and calbindin genes in rat incisor: regulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Dev Biol155:172-179.
4.
Bonewald LF, Kester MB, Schwartz Z., Swain LD, Khare A., Johnson TL, et al. (1992). Effects of combining transforming growth factor β and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on differentiation of a human osteosarcoma (MG-63). J Biol Chem267:8943-8949.
5.
Butler WT, Ritchie H. (1995). The nature and functional significance of dentin extracellular matrix proteins. Int J Dev Biol39:169-179.
6.
Butler WT, D'Souza RN, Bronckers Aljj, Happonen RP, Somerman MJ (1992). Recent investigations on dentin specific proteins . Proc Finn Dent Soc88(Suppl 1):369-376.
7.
Celeste AJ, Rosen V., Buecker JL, Kriz R., Wang EA, Wozney JM (1986). Isolation of the human gene for bone gla protein utilizing mouse and rat cDNA clones. EMBO J5:1885-1890.
8.
Davideau JL, Papagerakis P., Hotton D., Lezot F., Berdal A. (1996). In situ investigation of vitamin D receptor, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin expression in oro-facial mineralized tissues . Endocrinolgy137:3577-3585.
9.
Ingram RT, Bonde SK, Riggs BL, Fitzpatrick LA (1994). Effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the function, cytochemistry and morphology of normal human osteoblast-like cells. Differentiation55:153-163.
10.
Kamihagi K., Katayama M., Ouchi R., Kato I. ( 1994). Osteonectin/SPARC regulates cellular secretion rates of fibronectin and laminin extracellular matrix proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun200:423-428.
11.
Kawamoto T., Pan H., Yan W., Ishida H., Usui E., Oda R., et al. (1998). Expression of membrane-bound transferrin-like protein p97 on the cell surface of chondrocytes. Eur J Biochem256:503-509.
12.
Lane TF, Sage EH ( 1994). The biology of SPARC, a protein that modulates cell-matrix interactions. FASEB J8:163-173.
13.
Leboy PS, Beresford JN, Devlin C., Owen ME ( 1991). Dexamethasone induction of osteoblast mRNAs in rat marrow stromal cell cultures. J Cell Physiol146:370-378.
14.
Nakamura S., Kamihagi K., Satakeda H., Katayama M., Pan H., Okamoto H., et al. (1996). Enhancement of SPARC (osteonectin) synthesis in arthritic cartilage: increased levels in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and regulation by growth factors and cytokines in chondrocyte cultures. Arthrit Rheum39:539-551.
15.
Pirskanen A., Jaaskelainen T., Maenpaa PH (1994). Effects of transforming growth factor β1 on the regulation of osteocalcin synthesis in human MG-63 osteosarcoma cells . J Bone Miner Res9:1635-1642.
16.
Pitaru S., Kotev-Emeth S., Noff D., Kaffuler S., Savion N. (1993). Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the growth and differentiation of adult stromal bone marrow cells: enhanced development of mineralized bone-like tissue in culture. J Bone Miner Res8:919-929.
17.
Reed MJ, Sage EH ( 1996). SPARC and the extracellular matrix: implications for cancer and wound repair. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol213(Ptl):81-94.
18.
Reed MJ, Vernon RB, Abrass IB, Sage EH ( 1994). TGF-β1 induces the expression of type I collagen and SPARC, and enhances contraction of collagen gels, by fibroblasts from young and aged donors. J Cell Physiol158:169-179.
19.
Reichert T., Storkel S., Becker K., Fisher LW (1992). The role of osteonectin in human tooth development: an immunohistological study. Calcif Tissue Int50:468-472.
20.
Schedlich LJ, Flanagan JL, Crofts LA, Gillies SA, Goldberg D., Morrison NA, et al. (1994). Transcriptional activation of the human osteocalcin gene by basic fibroblast growth factor. J Bone Miner Res9:143-152.
21.
Shiba H., Nakamura S., Shirakawa M., Nakanishi K., Okamoto H., Satakeda H., et al. (1995). Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on proliferation, the expression of osteonectin (SPARC) and alkaline phosphatase, and calcification in cultures of human pulp cells. Dev Biol170:457-466.
22.
Shiba H., Fujita T., Doi N., Nakamura S., Nakanishi K., Takemoto T., et al. (1998). Differential effects of various growth factors and cytokines on the syntheses of DNA, type I collagen, laminin, fibronectin, osteonectin/secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), and alkaline phosphatase by human pulp cells in culture. J Cell Physiol174:194-205.
23.
Shirakawa M., Shiba H., Nakanishi K., Ogawa T., Okamoto H., Nakashima K., et al. (1994). Transforming growth factor-beta-1 reduces alkaline phosphatase mRNA and activity and stimulates cell proliferation in cultures of human pulp cells. J Dent Res73:1509-1514.
24.
Staal A., Wijnen JV, Desal RK, Pols Hap, Birkenhager JC, Deluca HF, et al. (1996). Antagonistic effects of transforming growth factor-β on vitamin D3 enhancement of osteocalcin and osteopontin transcription: reduced interactions of vitamin D receptor/retinoid X receptor complexes with vitamin D response elements. Endocrinology137:2001-2011.
25.
Takano-Yamamoto T., Takemura T., Kitamura Y., Nomura S. (1994). Site-specific expression of mRNAs for osteonectin, osteocalcin, and osteopontin revealed by in situ hybridization in rat periodontal ligament during physiological tooth movement. J Histochem Cytochem42:885-896.
26.
Weinmann JP, Schour I. (1945). Experimental studies in calcification. II. The effect of rachitogenic diet on the dental tissues of the white rat. Am J Path21:832-856.
27.
Wergedal JE, Matsuyama T., Strong DD (1992). Differentiation of normal human bone cells by transforming growth factor-P and 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3. Metabolism41:42-48.
28.
Wrana JL, Overall CM, Sodek J. (1991). Regulation of the expression of a secreted acidic protein rich in cysteine (SPARC) in human fibroblasts by transforming growth factor β. Comparison of transcriptional and post-transcriptional control with fibronectin and type I collagen. Eur J Biochem197:519-528.
29.
Yoshiki S., Yanagisawa T., Suda T., Sasaki S. (1974). The role of vitamin D in the mineralization of dentin in rats made rachitic by a diet low in calcium and deficient in vitamin D. Calcif Tissue Res15:295-302.
