This research investigated the issue of the weighting and number of Twenty Statements Test (TST) responses with samples of 165 Hong Kong secondary school pupils and 100 Swedish and 100 Ethiopian university students. Responses were classified into idiocentric, large group, small group, and allocentric categories, and scores were weighted by the rank order of the response and 7, 10, or 20 items were considered. Analysis found that the rank and number of the items made a difference to the proportions assigned to these categories for the Hong Kong but not the other samples and made little difference to the testing of hypotheses about gender and cultural differences in self-conceptions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bochner, S. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the self-concept: A test of Hofstede's individualism/collectivism distinction. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 273-283.
2.
Cousins, S. D. (1989). Culture and self-perception in Japan and the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 124-131.
3.
Dhawan, N. , Roseman, I. J., Naidu, R. K., Thapa, K., & Rettek, S. I. (1995). Self-concepts across two cultures: India and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 606-621.
4.
Gordon, C. (1968). Self-conceptions: Configurations of content. In C. Gordon & K. Gergen (Eds.), The self in social interaction. (Vol. 1). New York: John Wiley.
5.
Hofstede, G. (1983). Dimensions of national cultures in fifty countries and three regions. In J. B. Deregowski, S. Dziuraw, & R. C. Annis (Eds.), Expiscations in cross-cultural psychology. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
6.
Ip, G.W.M. , & Bond, M. H. (1995). Culture, values and the spontaneous self-concept. Asian Journal of Psychology, 1, 29-35.
7.
Josephs, R. A. , Maikus, H. R., & Tafarodi, R. W. (1992). Gender and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 391-402.
8.
Kuhn, M. H. , & McPartland, T. S. (1954). An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. American Sociological Review, 19,68-76.
9.
Markus, H. R. , & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
10.
Rentsch, J. R. , & Heffner, T. S. (1992). Measuring self-esteem: Validation of a new scoring technique for "Who am I" responses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 641-651.
11.
Spitzer, S. , Couch, C., & Statton, J. (1971). The assessment of the self. Iowa City, IA: Escort, Sernoll.
12.
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96,506-520.
13.
Verkuyten, M. (1989). Self-concept in cross-cultural perspective: Turkish and Dutch adolescents in the Netherlands. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 184-195.
14.
Watkins, D. , Adair, J., Akande, A., Gerong, A., McInerney, D., Sunar, D., Watson, S., Wen, Q., & Wondimu, H. (1996, August 12-16). A qualitative investigation of culture by gender differences in the spontaneous self-concept: An eight country study. Paper presented at the XIIIth Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, Montreal, Canada.
15.
Watkins, D. , & Regmi, M. (1996). Within-culture and gender differences in self-concept: An investigation with rural and urban Nepalese school children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27,692-699.
16.
Wells, L. E. , & Marwell, G. (1976). Self-esteem: Its conceptualization and measurement. London: Sage.
17.
Wylie, R. C. (1974). The self concept (Vol. 1). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
18.
Wylie, R. C. (1989). Measures of self-concept. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
