In two studies, the authors examined the relationship between desire for group-based dominance (i.e., SDO), gender, and group attachment. As expected, the relationship between social dominance orientation and gender was invariant across ethnic groups. Across ethnic groups, males were found to have higher levels of social dominance orientation than were females. Furthermore, for members of high-status groups, there were positive relationships between desire for group-based dominance and group affiliation, whereas for members of low-status groups, these relationships were significantly less positive and even negative. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adorno, T. W. , Frankel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper & Row.
2.
Avery, P. G. (1988). Political tolerance among adolescents. Theory and Research in Social Education, 16, 183-201.
3.
Bahr, H. M. , & Chadwick, B. A. (1974). Conservatism, racial intolerance and attitudes toward racial assimilation among whites and American Indians. Journal of Social Psychology, 94, 45-56.
4.
Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence. Chicago: Rand McNally.
5.
Banks, M. H. , & Ullah, P. (1987). Political attitudes and voting among unemployed and employed youth. Journal of Adolescence, 10, 201-216.
6.
Betzig, L. (1993). Sex, secession, and stratification in the first six civilizations: How powerful men reproduced, passed power on to their sons, and used power to defend their wealth, women and children. In L. Ellis (Ed.), Social stratification and socioeconomic inequality: A comparative biosocial analysis (pp. 37-74). Westport, CT: Praeger.
7.
Bierly, M. M. (1985). Prejudice toward contemporary outgroups as a generalized attitude. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 189-199.
8.
Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.
9.
Brown, R. J. (1978). Divided we fall: An analysis of relations between sections of a factory work-force. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology on intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.
10.
Clark, K. B. , & Clark, M. P. (1947). Racial identification and preference in Negro children. In T. M. Newcomb & E. L. Hardey (Eds.), Readings in social psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
11.
Cooley, C. H. (1956). Human nature and the social order. New York: Free Press.
12.
Eagly, A. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
13.
Eaton, W. O. , & Enns, L. R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 100-131.
14.
Eisler, R. , & Loye, D. (1983). The "failure" of liberalism: A reassessment of ideology from a new feminine-masculine perspective. Political Psychology, 4, 375-391.
15.
Ekehammar, B. (1985). Sex differences in socio-political attitudes revisited. Educational Studies, 11, 3-9.
16.
Ekehammar, B. , & Sidanius, J. (1982). Sex differences in socio-political ideology: A replication and extension. British Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 249-257.
17.
Feshbach, N. D. (1982). Sex differences in empathy and social behavior in children. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), The development of prosocial behavior (pp. 315-338). New York: Academic Press.
18.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 71-82.
19.
Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from freedom. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
20.
Furnham, A. (1985). Adolescents' sociopolitical attitudes: A study of sex and national differences. Political Psychology, 6, 621-636.
21.
Gramsci, A. (1976). Selections from the prison notebook. Q. Hoare & G. N. Smith (Eds.). New York: International.
22.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Henry Holt.
23.
Jöreskog, K. G. , & Sorbom, D. (1988). LISREL 7: A guide to the program and applications (2nd ed.). Chicago: SPSS.
24.
Kopinak, K. (1987). Gender differences in political ideology in Canada. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 24, 23-38.
25.
Kuhn, M. H. , & McPartland, T. S. (1954). An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. American Sociological Review, 19, 68-76.
26.
Laponce, J. A. (1980). Voting for X: Of men, women, religion and politics: The use of an election experiment for the comparative analysis of conservative behavior. Social Science Information, 19, 955-969.
27.
Lewin, T. (1992, January 8). Study points to increase in tolerance of ethnicity. New York Tunes.
28.
Marjoribanks, K. (1981). Sex-related differences in socio-political attitudes: A replication. Education Studies, 7, 1-6.
29.
McConahay, J. , & Hough, J. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 23-45.
30.
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31.
Mercer, G. W. , & Cairns, E. (1981). Conservatism and its relationship to general and specific ethnocentrism in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 13-16.
32.
Michels, R. (1962). Political parties: A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy. New York: Free Press. (Original work published 1911)
33.
Mitchell, M. (1993). Attitudes towards the death penalty and use of executions: A social democracy perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
34.
Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class: Elements of political science (H. D. Kahn, Trans.). New York: McGraw-Hill. (Original work published 1895)
35.
Mussen, P. , & Eisenberg-Berg, N. (1980). Roots of caring, sharing, and helping: The development of prosocial behavior in children. San Francisco: Freeman.
36.
Pandey, J. , & Griffith, W. (1977). Benefactor's sex and nururance need, recipient's dependency, and the effect of number of potential helpers on helping behavior. Journal of Personality, 45, 79-99.
37.
Pareto, V. (1979). The rise andfall of the elites. New York: Arno. (Original work published 1901)
38.
Poole, K. T. , & Zeigler, J. H. (1985). Women, public opinion and politics: The changing political attitudes of American women. New York: Longman.
39.
Powell, G. E. , & Stewart, R. A. (1978). The relationship of age, sex and personality to social attitudes in children aged 8-15 years. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17, 307-317.
40.
Pratto, F. , Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L., & Malle, B. F. (in press). Social dominance orientation as an intergroup construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
41.
Reynolds, V. , Fagier, V., & Vme, T. (1987). The sociobiology of ethnocentrism: Evolutionary dimensions of xenophobia, discrimination, racism and nationalism. London: Croom Helm.
42.
Rodseth, L. , Wrangham, R. W., Harrigan, A. M., & Smuts, B. B. (1991). The human community as a primate society. Current Anthropology, 32, 221-254.
43.
Sachdev, I. , & Bourhis, R. Y. (1985). Social categorization and power differentials in group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 415-434.
44.
Sanford, N. (1973). Authoritarian personality in contemporary perspective. In J. N. Knutson (Ed.), Handbook of political psychology (pp. 139-170). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
45.
Shapiro, R. Y. , & Mahajan, H. (1986). Gender differences in policy preferences: A summary of trends for the 1960s to the 1980s. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 42-61.
46.
Sidanius, J. (1993). The psychology of group conflict and the dynamics of oppression: A social dominance perspective. In S. Iyengar & W. McGuire (Eds.), Explorations in political psychology (pp. 183-219). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
47.
Sidanius, J. , Cling, B. J., & Pratto,F. (1991). Ranking and linking as a function of sexandgender role attitudes. Journal of Social Issues, 47, 131-149.
48.
Sidanius, J. , & Ekehammar, B. (1980). Sex-related differences in socio-political ideology. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 21, 17-26.
49.
Sidanius, J. , & Ekehammar, B. (1983). Sex, political party preference and higher-order dimensions of socio-political ideology. Journal of Social Psychology, 115, 233-239.
50.
Sidanius, J. , & Liu, J. (1992). Racism, support for the Persian Gulf War, and the police beating of Rodney King: A social dominance perspective. Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 685-700.
51.
Sidanius, J. , Liu, J., Pratto, F., & Shaw, J. (in press). Social dominance orientation, hierarchy-attenuators and hierarchy-enhancers: Social dominance theory and the criminal justice system. Journal of Applied Social Psychology.
52.
Sidanius, J. , & Pratto, F. (1993a). The inevitability of oppression and the dynamics of social dominance. In P. Sniderman & P. Tetiock (Eds.), Prejudice, politics, and the American dilemma (pp. 173-211). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
53.
Sidanius,J. , & Pratto, F. (1993b). Racism and support of free-market capitalism: Across-cultural analysis. Political Psychology, 14, 383-403.
54.
Sidanius, J. , Pratto, F., & Bobo, L. (1993). Racism, conservatism and opposition to affirmative action among the highly educated. Principled conservatism or social dominance. Manuscript under review.
55.
Sidanius, J. , Pratto, F., Martin, M., & Stallworth, L. (1991). Consensual racism and career track: Some implications of social dominance theory. Political Psychology, 12, 691-721.
56.
Sidanius, J. , Pratto, F., & Mitchell, M. (in press). Ingroup identification, social dominance orientation, and differential intergroup social allocation. Journal of Social Psychology.
57.
Skevington, S. (1981). Intergroup relations and nursing. European Journal of Social Psychology, 11, 43-59.
58.
Stimpson, D. , Jensen, L., & Neff, W. (1992). Cross-cultural gender differences in preference for a caring morality. Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 317-329.
59.
Stolte-Heiskanen, V. (1971). Sex roles, social class and political consciousness. Acta Sociologica, 14, 83-94.
60.
Tajfel, H. , & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
61.
Tesser, A. (1986). Some effects of self-evaluation maintenance on cognition and action. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 435-464). New York: Guilford.
62.
van den Berghe, P. L. (1978). Man in society: A biosocial view. New York: Elsevier North Holland.
63.
van Knippenberg, A. , & van Oers, H. (1984). Social identity and equity concerns in intergroup perceptions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 351-361.
64.
Vleeming, R. G. (1985). Factors affecting attitudes toward nuclear power in the Netherlands. Journal of Social Psychology, 125, 119-125.
65.
Williams, J. E. , & Best, D. L. (1982). Measuring sex stereotypes: A thirty nation study. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
66.
Wills, T. A. (1983). Social comparison in coping and help-seeldng. In B. M. Depaulo, A. Nadler, & J. D. Fisher (Eds.), New directions in helping (Vol. 2, pp. 109-141). New York: Academic Press.
67.
Wilson, G. D. (1973). The psychology of conservatism. New York: Academic Press.
68.
Wirls, D. (1986). Reinterpreting the gender gap. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 316-330.
69.
Word, C. O. , Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. (1974). The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 109-120.
70.
Yee, M. D. , & Brown, R. J. (1989). Children and social comparisons. Kent, England: University of Kent Press.
71.
Zakrisson, I. , & Ekehamrnar, B. (1992). Education and social attitudes: A case of self selection or socialization? (Report No. 756). Department of Psychology, University of Stockholm, Sweden.
72.
Zweigenhaft, R. L. (1985). Race, sex and nuclear war. Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 111, 283-301.
