This study was designed to examine the effects of two independent variables on Koreans' perceptions of counseling performance. The first independent variable, counseling style, consisted of having subjects rate the performance of either a directive or a nondirective counselor. The second independent variable was status configuration, which also consisted of two levels: congruent status (an older counselor interacting with a younger client) and incongruent status (a younger counselor interacting with an older client). Subjects were asked to rate the counselors' performance on two measures of counseling performance, which served as the dependent variables for the study. The resulting 2 x 2 completely randomized multivariate analysis revealed a significant effect only for counseling style. This finding is generally consistent with other related studies and suggests that some traditional approaches to counseling and psychotherapy may need to be modified when working with Korean clients. The nonsignificant finding for status configuration is not conclusive. The use of written rather than live stimulus situations and/or prior exposure to American culture may account, at least in part, for this result. Further research on the status configuration effect is therefore recommended.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anatasi, A. (1982). Psychological testing. New York: Macmillan.
2.
Atkinson, D. R. , & Carskaddon, G. (1975). A prestigious introduction, psychological jargon, and perceived counselor effectiveness rating scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 180-186.
3.
Atkinson, D. R. , Maruyama, M., & Matsui, S. (1978). Effects of counselor race and counseling approach on Asian-Americans' perceptions of counselor credibility and utility. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 5, 465-480.
4.
Chun, K. , Campbell, J., & Yoo, H. (1974). Extreme response style in cross-cultural research: A reminder. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 64-75.
5.
Corrigan, J. D. , & Schmidt, L. D. (1983). Development and validation of revisions in the Counselor Rating Form. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 64-75.
6.
Dadfar, S. , & Friedlander, M. L. (1982). Differential attitudes of international students towards seeking professional psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 335-338.
7.
Dillard, J. M. (1983). Multi-cultural counseling: Toward ethnic and cultural relevance in human encounters. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
8.
Dunnette, M. D. (1966). Personnel selection and placement. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
9.
Folensbee, R. W. , Draguns, J. G., & Danish, S. J. (1986). Impact of two types of counselor intervention on Black American, Puerto Rican, and Anglo-American analogue clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 446-453.
10.
Fukuhara, M. (1973). Student expectations of counseling: A cross-cultural study. Japanese Psychological Research, 15, 179-193.
11.
Harvey, Y. K. , & Chung, S. H. (1980). The Koreans. In F. F. McDermott, W. S. Tseng, & T. W. Maretzki (Eds.), People and cultures of Hawaii: A psychocultural profile (pp. 135-154). Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.
12.
Ho, D. (1982). Asian concepts in behavioral science. Psychology, 25, 228-235.
13.
Ivey, A. E. (1981). Counseling and psychotherapy: Toward a new perspective. In A. Marsella & P. Pedersen (Eds.), Cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 279-311). New York: Pergamon.
14.
Kim, Y. K. , Lee, S. J., & Kim, Y. W. (1978). A handbook of Korea. Seoul: Korean Overseas Information Service.
15.
Kirk, R. E. (1982). Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
16.
Kitano, H. (1976). Japanese Americans: Evaluation of a subculture. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
17.
Kitano, H. , & Sue, S. (1973). The model minorities. Journal of Social Issues, 29, 1-31.
18.
LaCrosse, M. B. , & Barak, A. (1976). Differential perception of counselor behavior. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 23, 170-172.
19.
Liem, H. D. , & Kehmeier, D. F. (1980). The Vietnamese. In J. F. McDermott, W. S. Tseng, & T. W. Maretzki (Eds.), People in cultures of Hawaii: A psychosocial profile (pp. 207-217). Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.
20.
Newman, J. L. (1985). Effects of order of stimulus presentation on ratings of counseling performance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Dakota.
21.
Nobel, V. N. (1974). Client perceptions of the counseling process in a multi-cultural population. Unpublished master's thesis, Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, CA.
22.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
23.
Scott, T. B. , Fuqua, D. R., & Newman, J. L. (1986). Further evidence for unidimensionality of measures of counseling performance. Psychological Reports, 58, 983-990.
24.
Sue, D. W. (1981). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice. New York: John Wiley.
25.
Sue, D. W. , & Kirk, B. A. (1972). Psychological characteristics of Chinese-American students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19, 471-478.
26.
Sue, D. W. , & Kirk, B. A. (1973). Differential characteristics of Japanese American and Chinese American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20, 142-148.
27.
Sue, D. W. , & Sue, D. (1977). Barriers to effective cross-cultural counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24, 420-429.
28.
Sue, S. (1973). Training of "third world" students to function as counselors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20, 73-78.
29.
Sue, S. (1982). Ethnic minority research: Trends and directions, In F. U. Mufioz & R. Endo (Eds.), Perspectives on minority group mental health (pp. 171-183). Washington, DC: University Press of America.
30.
Sweeney, J. A. , Cottle, W. C., & Kobayashi, J. J. (1980). Non-verbal communication: A cross-cultural comparison of American and Japanese counseling students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27, 150-156.
31.
Tabbat, B. K. (1976). The anatomy of dependence by Takeo Doi, M.D.: A discussion. Menninger Clinic Bulletin, 40, 660-664.
32.
Tan, H. (1967). Intercultural study of counseling expectancies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 14, 122-130.
33.
Thoresen, C. E. (1977). Constructs don't speak for themselves. Counselor Education and Supervision, 16, 296-303.
34.
Tinsley, H. , & Weiss, D. J. (1975). Interrater reliability and agreement of subjective judgments. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 4, 131-137.
35.
Yamamoto, J. (1977). An Asian view of the future of cultural psychiatry. In E. F. Foulks, R. M. Wintrob, J. Westermeyer, & A. R. Favazza (Eds.), Current perspectives in cultural psychiatry (pp. 97-109). New York: Spectrum.
36.
Yee, A. H. , & Hennessey, S. T. (1982). Pacific/Asian American families and mental health. In F. U. Mufoz & R. Endo (Eds.), Perspectives on minority group mental health (pp. 53-70). Washington, DC: University Press of America.
37.
Yuen, R. , & Tinsley, H. (1981). International and American students' expectations about counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 66-69.
