Thirty American subjects accurately identified emotions from 96 situations which American and Malay informants stated to be antecedent to specific emotions. These results are considered in terms of the proposition that the underlying meanings of antecedent events are the stimuli for the experience of emotion, and that these meanings can be inferred across cultural boundaries.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ABERLE, D. F. , A. K. COHEN, A. K. DAVIS, M. J. LEVY, and F. X. SUTTON (1950) "The functional prerequisites of a society."Ethics60: 100-111.
2.
BOUCHER, J. D. (1979) "Culture and emotion," in A. Marsella, R. Tharp, and T. Ciborowski (eds.) Perspectives on Cross-Cultural Psychology. New York: Academic Press.
3.
BOUCHER, J. D. and G. E. CARLSON (1980) "Recognition of facial expressions in three cultures."J. of Cross-Cultural Psychology11 (September).
4.
EIBL-EIBESFELDT, I. (1970) Ethology, the Biology of Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
5.
EKMAN, P. (1978) "Facial signs: facts, fantasies, and possibilities," in T. Sebeok (ed.) Sight, Sound and Sense. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
6.
EKMAN, P. (1977) "Biological and cultural contributions of body and facial movement," in J. Blacking (ed.) Anthropology of the Body. New York: Academic Press.
7.
EKMAN, P. (1973) "Cross-cultural studies of facial expression," in P. Ekman (ed.) Darwin and Facial Expression. New York: Academic Press.
8.
EKMAN, P. (1972) "Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion," in J. Cole (ed.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1971. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press.
9.
EKMAN, P. , W. V. FRIESEN, and P. ELLSWORTH (1972) Emotion in the Human Face. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.
10.
FRIESEN, W. V. (1972) "Cultural differences in facial expressions in a social situation: an experimental test of the concept of display rules." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California.
11.
LAZARUS, R. S. , J. R. AVERILL, and E. M. OPTON, Jr. (1970) "Towards a Cognitive Theory of Emotion," in M. Arnold (ed.) Feelings and Emotions. New York: Academic Press.
12.
LEFF. J. (1977) "The cross-cultural study of emotions."Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry: 317-350.
13.
LONNER, W. J. (1980) "The Search for Psychological Universals," in H. C. Triandis and W. W. Lambert (eds.) Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 1. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
14.
OSGOOD, C. E. , W. H. MAY, and M. S. MIRON (1975) Cross-Cultural Universals of Affective Meaning. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.
15.
TOMKINS, S. S. (1962) Affect, Imagery, Consciousness, Vol. 1: The Positive Affects. New York: Springer.
16.
TOMKINS, S. S. (1963) Affect, Imagery, Consciousness, Vol. 2: The Negative Affects. New York: Springer.