RETRACTED: Norms Across Cultures: A Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis of Norms Effects in the Theory of Planned Behavior

Abrams D. Ando K. Hinkle S. (1998). Psychological attachment to the group: Cross-cultural differences in organizational identification and subjective norms as predictors of workers’ turnover intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1027-1039. doi:10.1177/01461672982410001

Ajzen I. (1988). Attitudes, personality and behavior. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press.

Ajzen I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Ajzen I. Fishbein M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Ajzen I. Klobas J. (2013). Fertility intentions: An approach based on the theory of planned behavior. Demographic Research, 29, 203-232. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.8

Armitage C. J. Conner M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-499. doi:10.1348/014466601164939

Boer D. Fischer R. (2013). How and when do personal values guide our attitudes and sociality? Explaining cross-cultural variability in attitude–value linkages. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1113-1147. doi:10.1037/a0031347

Bontempo R. Rivero J. C. (1992, August). Cultural variation in cognition: The role of self-concept in the attitude-behavior link. Paper presented at the Meeting of the American academy of management, Las Vegas, NV.

Central Intelligence Agency. (2017). The world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/

Chinese Culture Connection. (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 143-164. doi:10.1177/0022002187018002002

Chiu C.-Y. Gelfand M. J. Yamagishi T. Shteynberg G. Wan C. (2010). Intersubjective culture. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 482-493. doi:10.1177/1745691610375562

Cialdini R. B. Demaine L. J. Sagarin B. J. Barrett D. W. Rhoads K. Winter P. L. (2006). Managing social norms for persuasive impact. Social Influence, 1, 3-15. doi:10.1080/15534510500181459

Cialdini R. B. Reno R. R. Kallgren C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015-1026. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015

Cialdini R. B. Wosinska W. Barrett D. W. Butner J. Gornik-Durose M. (1999). Compliance with a request in two cultures: The differential influence of social proof and commitment/consistency on collectivists and individualists. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1242-1253. doi:10.1177/0146167299258006

Fischer R. (2006). Congruence and functions of personal and cultural values: Do my values reflect my culture’s values? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1419-1431. doi:10.1177/0146167206291425

Fischer R. (2008). Rewarding seniority: Exploring cultural and organizational predictors of seniority allocations. The Journal of Social Psychology, 148, 167-186. doi:10.3200/SOCP.148.2.167-186

Fischer R. (2017). Personality, values, culture: An evolutionary perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Fischer R. Boer D. (2011). What is more important for national well-being: Money or autonomy? A meta-analysis of well-being, burnout, and anxiety across 63 societies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 164-184. doi:10.1037/a0023663

Fischer R. Ferreira M. C. Assmar E. Redford P. Harb C. Glazer S. . . .Achoui M. (2009). Individualism-collectivism as descriptive norms. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 187-213. doi:10.1177/0022022109332738

Fischer R. Mansell A. (2009). Commitment across cultures: A meta-analytical approach. Journal of International Business Studies, 40, 1339-1358. doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.14

Fischer R. Van de Vliert E. (2011). Does climate undermine subjective well-being? A 58-nation study. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1031-1041. doi:10.1177/0146167211407075

Fishbein M. Ajzen I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Frese M. (2015). Cultural practices, norms, and values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 1327-1330. doi:10.1177/0022022115600267

Gelfand M. J. Harrington J. R. (2015). The motivational force of descriptive norms. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 1273-1278. doi:10.1177/0022022115600796

Gelfand M. J. Raver J. L. Nishii L. Leslie L. M. Lun J. Lim B. C. . . .Yamaguchi S. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332, 1100-1104. doi:10.1126/science.1197754

Gibbs J. P. (1965). Norms: The problem of definition and classification. American Journal of Sociology, 70, 586-594.

Hofstede G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

House R. J. Hanges P. J. Javidan M. Dorfman P. W. Gupta V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations : The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Inglehart R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Jackson J. (1966). A conceptual and measurement model for norms and roles. The Pacific Sociological Review, 9, 35-47. doi:10.2307/1388305

Jasso G. Opp K.-D. (1997). Probing the character of norms: A factorial survey analysis of the norms of political action. American Sociological Review, 62, 947-964.

Leung K. Morris M. W. (2015). Values, schemas, and norms in the culture–behavior nexus: A situated dynamics framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 46, 1028-1050. doi:10.1057/jibs.2014.66

Matsumoto D. Yoo S. H. Fontaine J. (2008). Mapping expressive differences around the world. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39, 55-74. doi:10.1177/0022022107311854

McDermott M. S. Oliver M. Svenson A. Simnadis T. Beck E. J. Coltman T. . . .Sharma R. (2015). The theory of planned behaviour and discrete food choices: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), Article 162. doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0324-z

Minkov M. Blagoev V. Hofstede G. (2013). The boundaries of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 1094-1106. doi:10.1177/0022022112466942

Minkov M. Bond M. H. Dutt P. Schachner M. Morales O. Sanchez C. . . .Mudd B. (2018). A reconsideration of Hofstede’s fifth dimension: New flexibility versus monumentalism data from 54 countries. Cross-Cultural Research, 52, 309-333. doi:10.1177/1069397117727488

Minkov M. Dutt P. Schachner M. Jandosova J. Khassenbekov Y. Morales O. . . .Mudd B. (2018). What values and traits do parents teach to their children? New data from 54 countries. Comparative Sociology, 17, 221-252.

Minkov M. Hofstede G. (2011). The evolution of Hofstede’s doctrine. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 18, 10-20. doi:10.1108/13527601111104269

Opp K.-D. (1982). The evolutionary emergence of norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 139-149. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00522.x

Paquin R. S. Keating D. M. (2017). Fitting identity in the reasoned action framework: A meta-analysis and model comparison. The Journal of Social Psychology, 157, 47-63. doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1152217

Peterson R. A. Brown S. P. (2005). On the use of beta coefficients in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 175-181. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.175

Plotnikoff R. C. Costigan S. A. Karunamuni N. Lubans D. R. (2013). Social cognitive theories used to explain physical activity behavior in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 56, 245-253. doi:10.1016/J.YPMED.2013.01.013

Prentice D. A. Miller D. T. (1996). Pluralistic ignorance and the perpetuation of social norms by unwitting actors. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 161-209. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60238-5

R Core Team. (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria. Available from https://www.r-project.org/

Riebl S. K. (2015). Understanding adolescents’ sugary beverage consumption: A review and application of the theory of planned behavior. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

Roos P. Gelfand M. Nau D. Lun J. (2015). Societal threat and cultural variation in the strength of social norms: An evolutionary basis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 129, 14-23. doi:10.1016/J.OBHDP.2015.01.003

Ross L. Greene D. House P. (1977). The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 279-301. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(77)90049-X

Scalco A. Noventa S. Sartori R. Ceschi A. (2017). Predicting organic food consumption: A meta-analytic structural equation model based on the theory of planned behavior. Appetite, 112, 235-248. doi:10.1016/J.APPET.2017.02.007

Schüz B. Li S.-W. Hardinge A. McEachan R. R. C. Conner M. (2017). Socioeconomic status as a moderator between social cognitions and physical activity: Systematic review and meta-analysis based on the theory of planned behavior. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 30, 186-195. doi:10.1016/J.PSYCHSPORT.2017.03.004

Schwartz S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and sontents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19-45. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x

Smith P. B. (2015). Yes, subjective norms are important, but let’s not lose sight of cultural differences. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 1310-1313. doi:10.1177/0022022115599444

Smith P. B. (2017). Cultural values versus cultural norms as predictors of differences in helping behaviors and in emotion regulation: A preliminary nation-level test related to the Leung-Morris model. Management and Organization Review, 13, 739-766. doi:10.1017/mor.2017.51

Triandis H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis.

Uz I. (2015). The index of cultural tightness and looseness among 68 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 319-335. doi:10.1177/0022022114563611

Viechtbauer W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1-48.

Wan C. Chiu C. Tam K.-P. Lee S. Lau I. Y. Peng S. (2007). Perceived cultural importance and actual self-importance of values in cultural identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 337-354. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.337

Welzel C. (2013). Freedom rising: Human empowerment and the quest for emancipation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

White K. M. Smith J. R. Terry D. J. Greenslade J. H. McKimmie B. M. (2009). Social influence in the theory of planned behaviour: The role of descriptive, injunctive, and in-group norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 135-158. doi:10.1348/014466608X295207

Zhang L. Zhu J. Liu Q. (2012). A meta-analysis of mobile commerce adoption and the moderating effect of culture. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 1902-1911. doi:10.1016/J.CHB.2012.05.008