Similarities and differences in acculturation in multiple domains were evaluated among mothers, fathers, and children in 88 immigrant Chinese families in Canada. Parents and children differed most in host culture domains (public Canadian behaviors and private Canadian values) and were most similar in ethnic private domains (Chinese identity and values). Differences in the ethnic public domain (Chinese behaviors) were moderate. Unexpectedly, considerable mother-father differences were also evident across domains. The predictors of parent-child differences varied by domain. Differences in public domains were larger in mother-child dyads and in families with longer residence in Canada. Differences in ethnic private domains were larger in father-child dyads and in families characterized by less warmth. Findings are discussed in terms of the domain specificity of cultural transmission and the influence of immigrant parents in host versus ethnic dimensions.
Arends-Tóth, J., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2003). Multiculturalism and acculturation: Views of Dutch and Turkish-Dutch. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 249-266.
2.
Arends-Tóth, J., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2004). Domains and dimensions in acculturation: Implicit theories of Turkish-Dutch. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28, 19-35.
3.
Berry, J. W. (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In K. M. Chun, P. B. Organista, & G. Marín (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 17-38). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
4.
Boehnke, K. (2001). Parent-offspring value transmission in a societal context: Suggestions for a utopian research design. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 241-255.
5.
Buki, L. P., Ma, T. C., Strom, R. D., & Strom, S. K. (2003). Chinese immigrant mothers and adolescents: Self-perceptions of acculturation effects on parenting. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9, 127-140.
6.
Cheng, S. H., & Kuo, W. H. (2000). Family socialization of ethnic identity among Chinese American pre-adolescents. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 31, 463-484.
7.
Chiu, M. L., Feldman, S. S., & Rosenthal, D. A. (1992). The influence of immigration on parental behavior and adolescent distress in Chinese families residing in two Western nations. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2, 205-239.
8.
Costigan, C. L., & Su, T. (2004). Orthogonal versus linear models of acculturation among immigrant Chinese Canadians: A comparison of mothers, fathers, and children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 518-527.
9.
Cuéllar, I., Arnold, B., & Maldonado, R. (1995). Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II: A revision of the original ARSMA Scale. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 17, 275-304.
10.
Davey, M., Fish, L. S., Askew, J., & Robila, M. (2003). Parenting practices and the transmission of ethnic identity. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29, 195-208.
11.
Dion, K. L., & Dion, K. K. (1996). Chinese adaptation to foreign cultures. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 457-478). New York: Oxford University.
12.
Farver, J. M., Narang, S. K., & Bhadha, B. R. (2002). East meets West: Ethnic identity, acculturation, and conflict in Asian Indian families. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 338-350.
13.
Fitzpatrick, J. P. (1988). The Puerto Rican family. In C. H. Mindel & R. W. Habenstein (Eds.), Ethnic families in America: Patterns and variations (pp. 192-217). New York: Elsevier.
14.
Fuligni, A. J., Tseng, V., & Lam, M. (1999). Attitudes toward family obligations among American adolescents with Asian, Latin American, and European backgrounds. Child Development, 70, 1030-1044.
15.
Fuligni, A. J., & Zhang, W. (2004). Attitudes toward family obligation among adolescents in contemporary urban and rural China. Child Development, 74, 180-192.
16.
Halli, S. S., & Driedger, L. (1999). The immigrant challenge 2000. In S. S. Halli & L. Driedger (Eds.), Immigrant Canada: Demographic, economic, and social challenges (pp. 3-17). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
17.
Ho, D. Y. F. (1996). Filial piety and its psychological consequences. In M. H. Bond (Ed), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 155-165). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
18.
Huang, L. N. (1994). An integrative approach to clinical assessment and intervention with Asian-American adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 21-31.
19.
Kim, B. S. K., Atkinson, D. R., & Yang, P. H. (1999). The Asian Value Scale: Development, factor analysis, validation, and reliability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 342-352.
20.
Knafo, A., & Schwartz, S. H. (2001). Value socialization in families of Israeli-born and Soviet-born adolescents in Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 213-228.
21.
Kwak, K. (2003). Adolescents and their parents: A review of intergenerational family relations for immigrant and non-immigrant families. Human Development, 46, 115-136.
22.
Kwak, K., & Berry, J. W. (2001). Generational differences in acculturation among Asian families in Canada: A comparison of Vietnamese, Korean, and East-Indian groups. International Journal of Psychology, 36, 152-162.
23.
Lanz, M., Scabini, E., Vermulst, A. A., & Gerris, J. R. M. (2001). Congruence on child rearing in families with early adolescent and middle adolescent children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 133-139.
24.
Lee, E. (1996). Asian American families. In M. McGoldrick, J. Giordano, & J. K. Pearce (Eds.), Ethnicity and family therapy (2nd ed., pp. 227-248). New York: Guilford.
25.
Lee, L. C., & Zhan, G. (1998). Psychosocial status of children and youths. In L. C. Lee and N. W. S. Zane (Eds.), Handbook of Asian American psychology (pp. 137-163). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
26.
Liem, R., Lim, B. A., & Liem, J. H. (2000). Acculturation of emotion among Asian Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6, 13-31.
27.
Matsuoka, J. K. (1990). Differential acculturation among Vietnamese refugees. Social Work, 35, 341-345.
28.
Nauck, B. (2001). Intercultural contact and intergenerational transmission in immigrant families. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 32, 159-173.
29.
Nguyen, N. A., & Williams H. L. (1989). Transition from East to West: Vietnamese adolescents and their parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 505-515.
30.
Okagaki, L., & Bojczyk, K. E. (2002). Perspectives on Asian American development. In G. C. Nagayama Hall & S. Okazaki (Eds.), Asian American psychology: The science of lives in context (pp. 67-104). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
31.
Pawliuk, N., Grizenko, N., Chan-Yip, A.Gantous, P., Matthew, J., & Nguyen, D. (1996). Acculturation styles and psychological functioning in children of immigrants. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 111-121.
32.
Phalet, K., & Schönpflug, U. (2001). Intergenerational transmission of collectivism and achievement values in two acculturation contexts. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 32, 186-208.
33.
Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156-176.
34.
Phinney, J. S. (1996). Understanding ethnic diversity: The role of ethnic identity. American Behavioral Scientist, 40, 143-152.
35.
Phinney, J. S. (2003). Ethnic identity and acculturation. In K. M. Chun, P. B. Organista, & G. Marín (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 63-82). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
36.
Phinney, J. S., Cantu, C. L., Kurtz, D. A. (1997). Ethnic and American identity as predictors of self-esteem among African American, Latino, and White adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 165-185.
37.
Phinney, J. S., Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K., & Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic identity, immigration, and well-being: An interactional perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 493-510.
38.
Phinney, J. S., Ong, A. (2002). Adolescent-parent disagreements and life satisfaction in families from Vietnamese- and European-American backgrounds. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 556-561.
39.
Phinney, J. S., Ong, A., & Madden, T. (2000). Cultural values and intergenerational value discrepancies in immigrant and non-immigrant families. Child Development, 71, 528-539.
40.
Portes, A. (1997). Immigration theory for a new century: Some problems and opportunities. International Migration Review, 31, 799-825.
41.
Rick, K., & Forward, J. (1992). Acculturation and perceived intergenerational differences among Hmong youth. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 23, 85-94.
42.
Rogosa, D. (1988). Myths about longitudinal research. In K. W. Schaie, R. T. Campbell, W. Meredith, & S. C. Rawlings (Eds), Methodological issues in aging research (pp. 171-210). New York: Springer.
43.
Rosenthal, D., Ranieri, N., & Klimidis, S. (1996). Vietnamese adolescents in Australia: Relationships between perceptions of self and parental values, intergenerational conflict, and gender dissatisfaction. International Journal of Psychology, 31, 81-91.
44.
Rudy, D., & Grusec, J. E. (2001). Correlates of authoritarian parenting in individualist and collectivist cultures and implications for understanding the transmission of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 202-212.
45.
Sam, D. L., & Virta, E. (2003). Intergenerational value discrepancies in immigrant and host-national families and their impact on psychological adaptation. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 213-231.
46.
Schönpflug, U. (2001a). Intergenerational transmission of values: The role of transmission belts. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 174-185.
47.
Schönpflug, U. (2001b). Introduction cultural transmission—A multidisciplinary research field. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 131-134.
48.
Simmons, A. B. (1999). Immigration policy: Imagined futures. In S. S. Halli & L. Driedger (Eds.), Immigrant Canada: Demographic, economic, and social challenges (pp. 21-50). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
49.
Snauwaert, B., Soenens, B., Vanbeselaere, N., & Boen, F. (2003). When integration does not necessarily imply integration: Different conceptualizations of acculturation orientations lead to different classifications. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 231-239.
50.
Statistics Canada. (2001). Immigrant population by place of birth and period of immigration, 2001 census (Online Catalogue No. 92-376-XIE). Ottawa, Canada: Author. Retrieved November 1, 2003, from http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/demo35c.htm
51.
Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 1-19.
52.
Szapocznik, J., & Kurtines, W. M. (1993). Family psychology and cultural diversity: Opportunities for theory, research, and application. American Psychologist, 48, 400-407.
53.
Tsai, J. L., Chentsova-Dutton, Y., & Wong, Y. (2002). Why and how researchers should study ethnic identity, acculturation, and cultural orientation. In G. C. N. Hall & S. Okazaki (Eds.), Asian American psychology: The science of lives in context (pp. 41-66). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
54.
Van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Phalet, K. (2004). Assessment in multicultural groups: The role of acculturation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53, 215-236.
55.
Wu, D. Y. H. (1996). Chinese childhood socialization. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 143-154). New York: Oxford University Press.
56.
Yee, B. W. K., Huang, L. N., & Lew, A. (1998). Family lifespan socialization in a cultural context. In L. C. Lee & N. W. S. Zane (Eds.), Handbook of Asian American psychology (pp. 83-135). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57.
Ying, Y. (1999). Strengthening intergenerational/intercultural ties in migrant families: A new intervention for parents. Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 89-96.
58.
Yip, T., & Fuligni, A. J. (2002). Daily variation in ethnic identity, ethnic behaviors, and psychological well-being among American adolescents of Chinese descent. Child Development, 73, 1557-1572.
