Chemyon in Confucian societies has been considered as the social face having an influence on an individual’s behavior and interpersonal relationships. However, few studies have investigated its psychological structure and processes. The present study developed a Chemyon-Oriented Behaviors Scale, measuring individual differences in proclivity for doing chemyon-oriented behaviors and examined the dimensions of chemyon. Data collected from Korean undergraduate students indicate that the Chemyon-Oriented Behaviors Scale is internally consistent and valid. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrates that chemyon- oriented behaviors consist of two distinct components: constructive and defensive, and that the two components are significantly correlated. Conceptual differences between chemyon and the social face in Western culture are discussed. Cross-cultural studies of investigating a universal theory of chemyon are proposed for future study.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anderson, J. C. , & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
2.
Arkin, R. M. (1981). Self-presentation. In D. M. Wegner, & R. R. Vallacher (Eds.), The self in social psychology (pp. 158-182). New York: Oxford University Press.
3.
Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 3-26.
4.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 3-26.
5.
Bentler, P. M. , & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
6.
Breckler, S. J. (1990). Overall fit in covariance structure models: Two types of sample size effects. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 256-259.
7.
Briggs, S. R. , Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1980). An analysis of the self-monitoring scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 679-686.
8.
Brown, B. R. , & Garland, H. (1971). The effects of incompetency, audience acquaintanceship, and anticipated evaluative feedback on face-saving behavior. Journal of Experiment Social Psychology, 7, 490-502.
9.
Cheng, C. Y. (1986). The concept of face and its Confusian roots. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 12, 329-348.
10.
Choi, C. H. (1993). The interrelationships of chemyon to self-esteem and locus of control. Unpublished master’s thesis, Chungang University, Seoul, Korea.
11.
Choi, J. S. (1989). [The Korean social personality]. Seoul: Gaemoonsa.
12.
Choi, S. C. (2000). [The Korean psychology]. Seoul: Chungang University Press.
13.
Choi, S. C. , Choi, I. J., & Kim, K. (1999, winter). The relationships of cheong () and chemyon () sensitivity to stress and coping strategies. Paper presented at the conference of Korean Social and Personality Psychological Association, Seoul, Korea.
14.
Choi, S. C. , & Kim, K. (2000). The internal structure of the Korean social face (chemyon,). Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 14, 185-202.
15.
Choi, S. C. , & Yu, S. Y. (1992). Multifaceted analyses of chemyon (social face): An indigenous Korean perspective. Korean Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 137-157.
16.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrica, 16, 297-334.
17.
Crowne, D. P. , & Marlowe, D. A. (1964). The approval motive: Studies in evaluative dependence. New York: John Wiley.
18.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Overlook.
19.
Harre, R. , & Gillett, G. (1994). The discursive mind. London: Sage.
20.
Jöreskog, K. , & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL VIII: User’s reference guide. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software.
21.
Kim, U. , & Berry, J. W. (Eds.). (1993). Indigenous psychologies: Research and experience in cultural context. London: Sage.
22.
Lebra, T. S. (1976). Japanese patterns of behavior. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
23.
Lee, K. T. (1977). [Korean consciousness structure (Vols. I, II)]. Seoul, Korea: Samchungdang.
24.
Lee, S.-J. (1996). Cross-cultural evidence for the validity of a self-presentation tactics scale. Korean Journal of Social Psychology, 10(1), 115-136.
25.
Lee, S.-J. , & Choi, S.-C. (2001a). Two-component model of chemyon-oriented behaviors. Korean Journal of Social Psychology, 15(2), 65-83.
26.
Lee, S.-J. , & Choi, S.-C. (2001b, July 17). Two-component model of chemyon-oriented behaviors in Korea: Constructive and defensive. Paper presented at the fourth Asian Association of Social Psychology Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
27.
Lee, S.-J. , Quigley, B. M., Nesler, M. S., Corbett, A. B., & Tedeschi, J. T. (1999). Development of a self-presentation tactics scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 701-722.
28.
Lennox, R. D. , & Wolfe, R. N. (1984). Revision of the self-monitoring scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1349-1364.
29.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
30.
Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression management: The self-concept, social identity and interpersonal relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
31.
Snyder, M. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526-537.
32.
Stevens, C. K. , & Kristof, A. L. (1995). Making the right impression: A field study of applicant impression management during job interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 587-606.
33.
Tedeschi, J. T. (Ed.). (1981). Impression management theory and social psychological research. New York: Academic.
34.
Tedeschi, J. T. , & Felson, R. B. (1994). Violence, aggression, and coercive action. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
35.
Tedeschi, J. T. , & Melburg, V. (1984). Impression management and influence in organization. Research in the Sociology of Organization, 3, 31-58.
36.
Tedeschi, J. T. , & Rosenfeld, P. (1981). Impression management and the forced compliance situation. In J. T. Tedeschi (Ed.), Impression management theory and social psychological research (pp. 147-180). New York: Academic.
37.
Tice, D. M. , Butler, J. L., Muraven, M. B., & Stillwell, A. M. (1995). When modesty prevails: Differential favorability of self-presentation to friends and strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1120-1138.
38.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
39.
Triandis, H. C. , McCusker, C., & Hui, C. H. (1990). Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(9), 1006-1020.
40.
Yoon, T. L. (1986). [The Korean personality]. Seoul, Korea: Dobang Books.
