A mediator aids disputants in resolving their differences. A theoretical framework for mediator mechanisms extends the subjective expected utility perspective and permits formal examination of mediator attitudes toward the equity and efficiency of agreements. Two forms of impartiality in promoting gains to disputants are examined: active (jointly motivated to help both disputants) and responsive (more motivated to help one disputant at higher payoff levels for the other). It is shown that (1) observed mediator activity to help only one disputant at some point in a dispute is not necessarily a sign of bias, and (2) active mediators seek efficient outcomes.
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