Discussions and Reviews : From national character to national behavior: a reformulation

Adorno, T.W. , Else Frenkel-Brunswik , Daniel J. Levinson , and R. Nevitt Sanford . The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper, 1950.

Albrecht, Milton C. Does literature reflect common values? American Sociological Review, 1956, 21, 722-29.

Almond, Gabriel A. The American People and Foreign Policy. New York : Praeger, 1960.

Anderson, Harold H. Children's values in Western Europe and the Americas. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association , Chicago, September, 1960 .

——— and Gladys L. Anderson. Adolescent children's values in Munich, Germany, in 1954 and 1960. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, Pennsylvania State University , March 1961a.

———, ———. Images of the teacher by adolescent children in seven countries, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1961b, 31, 481-492.

———, ———, I.H. Cohen , and F.D. Nutt. Image of the teacher by adolescent children in four countries: Germany, England, Mexico, United States, Journal of Social Psychology, 1959, 50, 47-55.

Angell, Robert C. Social values of American and Soviet elites: content analysis of elite media , Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1964 , 8 (4, Dec.), 330-85.

Bell, Daniel. National character revisited: a proposal for renegotiating the concept . In Edward Norbeck , Douglass Price-Williams , and William M. McCord (eds.), The Study of Personality: An Interdisciplinary Appraisal. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968.

Benedict, Ruth. Patterns of Culture. New York: Mentor, 1934.

Bronfenbrenner, Urie. Secrecy: a basic tenet of the Soviets, New York Times Magazine , April 22, 1962.

Cantril, Hadley. The Pattern of Human Concerns. New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press, 1965 .

Carroll, John B. , and Joseph B. Casagrande. The function of language classification in behavior . In Eleanor E. Maccoby , Theodore M. Newcomb , and Eugene L. Hartley (eds.), Readings in Social Psychology (3rd edn.). New York: Holt, 1958.

Cattell, Raymond B. The dimensions of culture patterns by factorization of national characters , Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1949, 44, 443-69.

———. New concepts for measuring leadership in terms of group syntality , Human Relations, 1951, 4, 161-84.

Coleman, James S. Community Conflict. New York: Free Press, 1957.

DeCharms, Richard , and G. Moeller. Values expressed in American children's readers, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1962, 64, 136-42.

Deutsch, Karl W. , Lewis J. Edinger , Roy C. Macridis , and Richard L. Merritt . France, Germany, and the Western Alliance. New York: Scribner's, 1967.

Deutsch, Morton , and Robert M. Krauss. Theories in Social Psychology. New York : Basic Books, 1965.

Devereaux, George. Two types of modal personality models. In Bert Kaplan (ed.), Studying Personality Cross-Culturally . Elmsford, N.Y. : Row, Peterson , 1961.

DiRenzo, Gordon J. Professional politicians and personality structures, American Journal of Sociology, 1967, 73, 217-25.

Driver, Michael J. A structural analysis of aggression, stress, and personality in an Inter-Nation Simulation. Institute for Research in the Behavioral, Economic, and Management Sciences, Paper No. 97, Purdue University , January 1965.

Duijker, H.C.J. , and N.H. Frijda. National Character and National Stereotypes. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1960.

English, Horace B. , and Ava Champney English. A Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychological and Psychoanalytical Terms. New York, London, Toronto: Longmans, Green , 1958.

Farber, Maurice L. The problem of national character : a methodological analysis, Journal of Psychology, 1950, 30, 307-16.

Feibleman, James K. Toward an analysis of the basic value system, American Anthropologist , 1954,56,421-32.

Feierabend, Rosalind L. , I.K. Feierabend , and D.A. Sleet. Need achievement, coerciveness of government, and political unrest: a cross-national analysis. Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C., September 1-5, 1967.

Firestone, Joseph M. Political conflict: a theory and comparative analysis in five cultures. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University , 1965.

Frijda, Nico , and Gustav Jahoda. On the scope and methods of cross-cultural research, International Journal of Psychology, 1966, 1, 109-127.

Fromm, Erich. Escape from Freedom. New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1941.

Fuster, J.M. A study of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule on Indian college students , Journal of Social Psychology, 1962 , 57, 309-14.

Ghei, S.N. A cross-cultural study of need profiles, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966, 3, 580-85.

Gillespie, James M. , and Gordon W. Allport. Youth's Outlook on the Future. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955 .

Glenn, Edmund S. A cognitive approach to the analysis of cultures and cultural evolution . In Ludwig von Bertalanffy and Anatol Rapoport (eds.), General Systems: Yearbook of the Society for General Systems Research, Vol. XI. Ann Arbor and Bedford, Mass. : Society for General Systems Research, 1966.

Goethals, George W. , and John M. Whiting. Research methods: the cross-cultural method , Review of Educational Research, 1957, 27, 441-48.

Greenstein, Fred I. New light on changing American values: a forgotten body of survey data. Social Forces, 1964, 42, 441-50.

———. The impact of personality on politics: an attempt to clear away underbrush , American Political Science Review, 1967 , 61, 629-41.

Gruen, Walter. Composition and some correlates of the American core culture, Psychological Reports, 1966, 18, 483-86.

Hagen, Everett E. On the Theory of Social Change. Homewood, Ill. : Dorsey Press, 1962.

Halle, Louis J. Our war aims were wrong, New York Times Magazine, August 22, 1965.

Harvey, O.J. , D.E. Hunt , and H.M. Schroder. Conceptual Systems and Personality Organization. New York: Wiley, 1961 .

Hennessy, Bernard C. Psycho-cultural studies of national character: relevances for international relations, Background, 1962, 6(1-3), 27-49.

Holsti, Ole R. , Richard A. Brody , and Robert C. North. Measuring affect and action in international reaction models, Journal of Peace Research, 1964, 3-4, 170-90.

Hsu, Francis L. K. American core value and national character. In F.L.K. Hsu (ed.), Psychological Anthropology: Approaches to Culture and Personality. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1961.

Hymes, Dell H. Linguistic aspects of cross-cultural personality study. In Bert Kaplan (ed.), Studying Personality Cross-Culturally . New York: Harper and Row, 1961.

Inglis, Ruth A. An objective approach to the relationship between fiction and society , American Sociological Review, 1938, 3, 526-33.

Inkeles, Alex. Some sociological observations on culture and personality studies . In Clyde Kluckhohn , Henry A. Murray , and David M. Schneider (eds.), Personality in Nature, Society, and Culture. New York: Knopf, 1953.

———. National character and modern political systems. In Francis L. K. Hsu (ed.), Psychological Anthropology . Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press , 1961 .

———. Sociology and psychology. In Sigmund Koch (ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science, VI. New York: McGraw-Hill , 1963.

——— and Daniel J. Levinson. National character : the study of modal personality and sociocultural systems. In Gardner Lindzey (ed.), The Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. 2. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1954.

———, ———. National character: the study of modal personality and sociocultural systems . In Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson (eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (2nd edn.), vol. 4. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley , 1969.

Inkeles, Alex , Eugenia Hanfmann , and Helen Beier. Modal personality and adjustment to the Soviet socio-political system, Human Relations, 1958, 11, 3-22.

Johns-Heine, Patricke , and Hans H. Gerth. Values in mass periodical fiction, 1921-1940, Public Opinion Quarterly, 1949, 13, 105-113.

Kaplan, Bert. The modal personality hypothesis tested in four cultures. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, 1948 .

Kardiner, Abram. The Psychological Frontiers of Society. New York : Columbia University Press, 1945 .

——— and Edward Preble. They Studied Man. New York: New American Library, 1963.

Kelly, E. Lowell. Consistency of the adult personality, American Psychologist , 1955, 10, 659-81.

Klineberg, Otto. A science of national character, Journal of Social Psychology , 1944, 19, 147-62.

Kluckhohn, Clyde. Mirror for Man. New York: Fawcett , 1957.

———. The evolution of contemporary American values, Daedalus , 1958, 87 (2), 78-109.

——— et al. Values and value-orientations. In T. Parsons and E. A. Shils (eds.), Towards a General Theory of Action. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951.

Kluckhohn, Florence R. , and Fred L. Strodtbeck. Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson, 1961 .

Kroeber, A.L. , and Clyde Kluckhohn. Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions . Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology, 1952, 47 (1).

Lazarsfeld, Paul F. , and Herbert Menzel. On the relation between individual and collective properties. In Amitai Etzioni (ed.), Complex Organizations . New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1961.

Lewin, Herbert S. Hitler Youth and the Boy Scouts of America, Human Relations , 1947, 1, 206-27.

Linton, Ralph. The Cultural Background of Personality. New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1945 .

Lowenthal, Leo. Biographies in popular magazines. In Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Frank N. Stanton (eds.), Radio Research 1942-1943. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1944.

McClelland, D.C. Methods of measuring human motivation. In John W. Atkinson (ed.), Motives in Fantasy, Action, and Society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand , 1958.

———. The Achieving Society. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961.

———. Motivational patterns in Southeast Asia with special reference to the Chinese case, Journal of Social Issues, 1963, 14, 6-19.

McGranahan, Donald V. , and Igor Wayne. A comparative study of national characteristics, Human Relations , 1948, 1, 429-55.

Morris, Charles. Varieties of Human Value. Chicago : University of Illinois Press, 1956.

Murray, Henry A. Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1938.

Nett, Emily M. An evaluation of the national character concept in sociological theory , Social Forces, 1958, 36, 297-303.

Nicolson, Harold. National Character and National Policy. Nottingham , England: University College, 1938 .

Pilisuk, Marc , and Thomas Hayden. Is there a military industrial complex which prevents peace? Journal of Social Issues, 1965, 21(3), 67-117.

Platt, Washington. National Character in Action: Intelligence Factors in Foreign Relations . New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1961.

Rapoport, Anatol. Lewis F. Richardson's mathematical theory of war, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1957, 1(3, Sept.), 249-99.

——— and Albert M. Chammah. Prisoner's Dilemma : A Study in Conflict and Cooperation . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1965.

Raser, John R. Personal characteristics of political decision-makers: a literature review , Peace Research Society (International) Papers, Vol. 5, 1966.

Riesman, David , N. Glazer , and R. Denney. The Lonely Crowd. New Haven, Conn. Yale University Press, 1950.

Robinson, W.S. Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals, American Sociological Review, 1950,15, 351-57.

Rokeach, Milton. The Open and Closed Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1960.

———. Beliefs, Attitudes and Values: A Theory of Organization and Change . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1968 .

Rosenau, James N. Pre-theories of foreign policy. In R. Barry Farrell (ed.), Approaches to Comparative and International Politics. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1966.

Rudin, Stanley A. The psychology of nations, Discovery, June 1965.

———. National motives predict psychogenic death rates 25 years later, Science, 1968, 160, 901-3.

Rummel, R.J. Field theory and indicators of international behavior. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Political Science Association , New York, September 1969 .

Sawyer, Jack , and Harold Guetzkow. Bargaining and negotiation in international relations. In Herbert C. Kelman (ed.), International Behavior: A Social-Psychological Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965.

Schroder, Harold M. , Michael J. Driver , and Siegfried Streufert. Human Information Processing. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1967.

——— and O.J. Harvey. Conceptual organization and group structure. In O. J. Harvey (ed.), Cognitive Determinants of Motivation and Group Interaction. New York: Ronald Press, 1963.

Sebald, Hans. Studying national character through comparative content analysis, Social Forces, 1962, 40, 318-22.

Sherif, M. , and C.W. Sherif. Research on inter-group relations. In O. Klineberg and R. Christie (eds.), Perspectives in Social Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965.

Shutz, William C. The Interpersonal Underworld. Palo Alto, Calif. : Science and Behavior Book, 1966 .

Singer, Milton. A survey of culture and personality theory and research. In Bert Kaplan (ed.), Studying Personality Cross-Culturally . Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson , 1961.

Smelser, Neil J. Personality and explanation of political phenomena at the social-system level: a methodological statement, Journal of Social Issues , 1968, 24(3), 111-25.

Smith, Don D. Modal attitude clusters: a supplement for the study of national character , Social Forces, 1966, 44, 526-33.

Terhune, Kenneth W. An examination of some contributing demographic variables in a cross-national study, Journal of Social Psychology, 1963,59,209-19.

———. Nationalism among foreign and American students: an exploratory study , Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1964, 8, 256-70.

———. Nationalistic aspiration, loyalty, and internationalism, Journal of Peace Research, 1965, 3, 277-87.

———. Motives, situation, and conflict within Prisoner's Dilemma, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Monograph Supplement , 1968, 8(3), Part 2.

———. Studies of motives, cooperation and conflict within laboratory microcosms . Buffalo Studies, 1968, 4(1), 29-56.

——— and J.M. Firestone. Psychological studies in social interaction and motives (SIAM), Phase 2: Group motives in an international relations game. CAL Report No. VX-2018-G-2. Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory March 1967.

Turner, Ralph H. The problems of social dimensions in personality, Pacific Sociological Review, 1961, 4, 57-62.

Veroff, J. , J.W. Atkinson , S.C. Feld , and G. Gurin. The use of thematic apperception to assess motivation in a nationwide interview study, Psychological Monographs , 1960, 74(12), Whole No. 499.

Wallace, Anthony F. C. The modal personality structure of the Tuscarora Indians as revealed by the Rorschach Test. Bulletin, Bureau of American Ethnology , No. 150, 1952.

Wedge, Bryant , and Cyril Muromcew. Psychological factors in Soviet disarmament negotiation, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1965, 9, 18-36.

West, D.J. Murder Followed by Suicide. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1966.