Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites have attracted increasing attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fiber systems, driven by environmental concerns, cost reduction, and resource availability. Among various lignocellulosic reinforcements, date palm fiber (DPF) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its wide availability, low density, biodegradability, and acceptable mechanical performance. This review critically examines the current state of research on date palm fiber-reinforced epoxy composites, with emphasis on fiber characteristics, fabrication techniques, surface treatment strategies, and structure–property relationships. The influence of processing parameters and chemical modifications on interfacial bonding, mechanical performance, thermo-mechanical behavior, and durability characteristics is systematically discussed. Representative trends in tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, dynamic mechanical, and moisture absorption behavior are synthesized from reported studies to highlight performance evolution with fiber content, treatment, and hybridization. Particular attention is given to hybrid composite systems incorporating secondary fibers or fillers to overcome the inherent limitations of DPF-based composites in terms of moisture sensitivity and long-term stability. The review further evaluates environmental resistance, application potential, and existing research gaps, emphasizing the need for standardized testing, long-term durability assessment, and optimization-driven material design. Overall, this work provides a consolidated technical perspective on DPF-epoxy composites and outlines future research directions for their reliable implementation in structural and semi-structural applications.
TripathySDehuryJBeheraA. Effects of fiber weight percentage, surface modification, and hybridization on the physical and mechanical properties of date-palm stem and glass fiber epoxy composite. J Inst Eng: Series E2025; 106(2): 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40034-025-00312-7
2.
TripathySDehuryJMishraD. A study on the effect of surface treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of date-palm stem liber embedded epoxy composites. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2016; 115(1): 012036. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/115/1/012036
3.
SwainPTRDasSNPatnaikPK, et al.The influence of moisture absorption on the mechanical and thermal properties of chemically treated DPL reinforced hybrid composite. Mater Sci Forum2020; 978: 316–322. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.316
4.
GhoriSWRaoGSRajhiAA, et al.Enhanced thermal and flexural properties of alkalized date palm/kenaf fiber-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites: a comparative study of untreated and treated fibers. J Nat Fibers2024; 21(1): 2421803. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2024.2421803
5.
GhoriSWRaoGSRajhiAA. Investigation of physical, mechanical properties of treated date palm fibre and kenaf fibre reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. J Nat Fibers2023; 20(1): 2145406. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2022.2145406
6.
ShalwanAYousifBF. Influence of date palm fibre and graphite filler on mechanical and wear characteristics of epoxy composites. Mater Des2014; 59: 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.02.066
7.
DehuryJMohantyJRNayakS, et al.Comprehensive characterization of date palm petiole fiber reinforced epoxy composites: effect of fiber treatment and loading on various properties. J Nat Fibers2022; 19(14): 9457–9470. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.1982834
8.
RajamoniRSreekumaranMKAnandMJ, et al.Evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of epoxy resin hybrid composites reinforced with date palm stem fibre and glass fibre. Proc IME C J Mech Eng Sci2025; 239(4): 1227–1234. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544062241296966
9.
PradhanMPatnaikABanerjeeMK, et al.Effect of micro‐sized blast furnace slag on physical, mechanical, and thermo‐mechanical properties of bi‐directional date palm fiber reinforced polymer composite. Mater Werkst2025; 56(2): 266–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202400153
10.
GhoriSWRaoGS. Fiber loading of date palm and kenaf reinforced epoxy composites: tensile, impact and morphological properties. J Renew Mater2021; 9(7): 1283–1292. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2021.014987
11.
GhoriSWRaoGS. Mechanical and thermal properties of date palm/kenaf fiber‐reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Polym Compos2021; 42(5): 2217–2224. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25971
12.
MazaherifarMHHosseinabadiHZCoşereanuC, et al.Investigation on phoenix dactylifera/calotropis procera fibre-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Forests2022; 13(12): 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13122098
13.
Abdal-HayASuardanaNPGJungDY, et al.Effect of diameters and alkali treatment on the tensile properties of date palm fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Int J Precis Eng Manuf2012; 13(7): 1199–1206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-012-0159-3
14.
RefaaiMRAReddyRMReddyMI, et al.Investigation on physical and mechanical characteristics of date palm fiber reinforced aliphatic epoxy hybrid composites. Adv Polym Technol2022; 2022(1): 4916499. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4916499
15.
MishraDDehuryJTripathyS, et al.A critical comprehension of effect of surface treatment on physical and mechanical properties of date palm–stem fiber embedded epoxy composites. New Ideas Concern Sci and Techn2021; 6: 1–11.
16.
MaouSMeftahYGrohensY, et al.Synergistic effects of dune sand‐based silica and alkali‐treated date palm fiber as efficient fillers for improving the properties of hybrid epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci2024; 141(46): e56238. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56238
17.
GheithMHAzizMAGhoriW, et al.Flexural, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of date palm fibres reinforced epoxy composites. J Mater Res Technol2019; 8(1): 853–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.06.013
18.
DehuryJMohantyJ. Study of physico-mechanical behaviour of alkali treated date palm petiole fiber/epoxy composites. In: Processing and characterization of materials: select proceedings of CPCM 2020. Springer Singapore, 2021, pp. 305–314.
19.
FerhatMDjemaiHTemamEG, et al.Sustainable composite materials with date palm rachis fibers for enhanced insulation and structural integrity. Phys Scripta2024; 99(9): 095927. https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad69e2
20.
AlshammariBASabaNAlotaibiMD, et al.Evaluation of mechanical, physical, and morphological properties of epoxy composites reinforced with different date palm fillers. Materials2019; 12(13): 2145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132145
21.
SbiaiAKaddamiHFleuryE, et al.Effect of the fiber size on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of composites of epoxy and date palm tree fibers. Macromol Mater Eng2008; 293(8): 684–691. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200800087
22.
RejikumarRAnandMJ. Investigation of mechanical and physical properties of date palm stem fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Mater Technol2024; 58(2): 203–208.
23.
MahdiEHernándezDREltaiEO. Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of long date palm leaf fiber reinforced epoxy composites. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy2015; 9(2): 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2015.1508
24.
AbdessemedKAllaouiOGueriraB, et al.Characterization of the thermal, water absorption, and viscoelastic behavior of short date palm fiber reinforced epoxy. Mech Time-Dependent Mater2024; 28(4): 2573–2597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11043-023-09656-2
25.
PradhanMBanerjeeMKPatnaikA. Experimental investigation of physical, mechanical, and thermal behaviour of Bi-directional date palm fiber reinforced epoxy composite. Eng Res Express2024; 6(1): 015072. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ad2037
26.
MazaherifarMHZeleniucOCerbuC, et al.Performance of carbon fiber-reinforced date palm midrib composites. Fibers2025; 13(5): 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13050057
27.
AmmarZAdlyMAbdalakrimSYH, et al.Incorporating date palm fibers for sustainable friction composites in vehicle brakes. Sci Rep2024; 14(1): 23204. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73275-1
28.
RaghavendraSSivaramNMSadikT, et al.Mechanical properties of hybrid composites with date palm fibre reinforcement. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)2018; 8: 19.
29.
AlajmiMShalwanA. Correlation between mechanical properties with specific wear rate and the coefficient of friction of graphite/epoxy composites. Materials2015; 8(7): 4162–4175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8074162
30.
DehuryJNayakSMohantyJR. Mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid date palm/sea purslane reinforced hybrid epoxy composites for automotive applications. Biomass Convers Biorefinery2025; 15(4): 5585–5594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05340-8
31.
AlarifiIM. Investigation into the morphological and mechanical properties of date palm fiber‐reinforced epoxy structural composites. J Vinyl Addit Technol2021; 27(1): 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21785
32.
OsangaNHassanMAShokryH, et al.Hybridization of date palm and glass fibers in bulk molding compounds for pedestrian network applications. Key Eng Mater2025; 1018: 79–84. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-qwos7w
33.
DhakalHNKhanSHAlnaserIA, et al.Potential of date palm fibers (DPFs) as a sustainable reinforcement for bio‐composites and its property enhancement for key applications: a review. Macromol Mater Eng2024; 309(10): 2400081. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.202400081
34.
IslamSKarimFEIslamMR, et al.Thermoset and thermoplastic polymer composite with date palm fiber and its behavior: a review. SPE Polymers2025; 6(1): e10157. https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10157
35.
LabidiSAlqahtaniNAlejjiM. Effect of compatibilizer on mechanical and physical properties of green composites based on high density polyethylene and date palm fiber. 2013.
36.
MahdaviSKermanianHVarshoeiA. Comparison of mechanical properties of date palm fiber-polyethylene composite. Bioresources2010; 5(4): 2391–2403. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.4.2391-2403
AliM. Epoxy–date palm fiber composites: study on manufacturing and properties. Int J Polym Sci2023; 2023(1): 5670293. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5670293
39.
ZeleniucOMazaherifarMHCoşereanuC, et al.Date-palm-based sustainable hybrid composite with cotton and kevlar fibre participation. Appl Sci2024; 14(3): 1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031008
40.
AbdellahMYSadekMGAlharthiH, et al.Characteristic properties of date-palm fibre/sheep wool reinforced polyester composites. J Bioresour Bioprod2023; 8(4): 430–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2023.09.003
41.
SadekMGAbdellahMYBackarAH, et al.A review on failure analysis of date palm fiber reinforced polymer composites. SVU-International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Applications2024; 5(1): 99–110. https://doi.org/10.21608/svusrc.2023.243342.1157
42.
HamoudaTAlyNM. Date palm fiber composites for automotive applications. In: Date Palm Fiber Composites: Processing, Properties and Applications. Springer Singapore, 2020, pp. 387–405.
43.
Al-OqlaFMSapuanSM. Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in industrial applications: feasibility of date palm fibers for sustainable automotive industry. J Clean Prod2014; 66: 347–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.050
44.
KhanTRaoHIMuthukumarC, et al.Date palm fiber-reinforced polymer composites and their thermal properties: a comprehensive review. Biomass Convers Biorefinery2025; 15(6): 8311–8330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05767-z
45.
DhakalHBourmaudABerzinF, et al.Mechanical properties of leaf sheath date palm fibre waste biomass reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) biocomposites. Ind Crops Prod2018; 126: 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.044
46.
Al‐KhanbashiAAl‐KaabiKHammamiA. Date palm fibers as polymeric matrix reinforcement: fiber characterization. Polym Compos2005; 26(4): 486–497. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.20118
47.
ShafieMZarea-HosseinabadiH. Eco-friendly laminated strand lumber from date palm rachis: analysis of mechanical properties by taguchi design of experiment. Wood Industry/Drvna Industrija2019; 70(4): 359–367. https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2019.1843
48.
ElseifyLAMidaniMEl-BadawyAA, et al.Benchmarking automotive nonwoven composites from date palm midrib and spadix fibers in comparison to commercial leaf fibers. Biomass Convers Biorefinery2024; 14(15): 18093–18107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03910-w
49.
Al‐KaabiKAl‐KhanbashiAHammamiA. Date palm fibers as polymeric matrix reinforcement: DPF/polyester composite properties. Polymer Composites2005; 26(5): 604–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.20130
50.
AwadSZhouYKatsouE, et al.A critical review on date palm tree (phoenix dactylifera L.) fibres and their uses in bio-composites. Waste Biomass Valor2021; 12(6): 2853–2887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01105-2
51.
AlabdaliRAGarrisonTFMahmoudMM, et al.Micromechanical characterization of continuous fiber date palm composites. J Nat Fibers2023; 20(2): 2280050. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2023.2280050
52.
DjoudiTHeciniMScidaD, et al.Physico-mechanical characterization of composite materials based on date palm tree fibers. J Nat Fibers2021; 18(6): 789–802. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1658251
53.
RafeeqSNAbdulmajeedIMSaeedAR. Mechanical and thermal properties of date palm fiber and coconut shell particulate filler reinforced epoxy composite. Indian J Appl Res2013; 3(4): 89–92. https://doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2013/153
54.
Rezghi MalekiHNasimiL. Effect of date palm fiber length on mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid date palm/glass fiber reinforced composites. Cellulose2025; 32: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-025-06831-1
55.
HananFJawaidMParidahMT, et al.Characterization of hybrid oil palm empty fruit bunch/woven kenaf fabric-reinforced epoxy composites. Polymers2020; 12(9): 2052. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092052
56.
GaneshSGundaYMohanSRJ, et al.Influence of stacking sequence on the mechanical and water absorption characteristics of areca sheath-palm leaf sheath fibers reinforced epoxy composites. J Nat Fibers2022; 19(5): 1670–1680. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1787921
57.
BenanibaSDrissZDjendelM, et al.Thermo-mechanical characterization of a bio-composite mortar reinforced with date palm fiber. J Eng Fibers Fabrics2020; 15: 1558925020948234. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558925020948234
58.
LemanZ. Mechanical properties of sugar palm fibre-reinforced epoxy composites. Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2009.
59.
AlZebdehKNassarMMAl-HadhramiMA, et al.Characterization of mechanical properties of aligned date palm frond fiber-reinforced low density polyethylene. The Journal of Engineering Research2017; 14(2): 115–123. https://doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol14iss2pp115-123
60.
KannanGThangarajuR. Recent progress on natural lignocellulosic fiber reinforced polymer composites: a review. J Nat Fibers2022; 19(13): 7100–7131. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.1944425
61.
EbrahimAAbdellahMYGomaaAMA, et al.Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues for sustainable innovation: a review. Int J Mater Res2025; 116(4): 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2024-0260
62.
ThulasikanthVGeethapriyanTDeepakRL, et al.Processing and testing of epoxy polymer composites using tender palm shoot fiber and aluminium particles as hybrid reinforcements. Int J Recent Technol Eng2019; 8(4): 998–1000. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d7696.118419
63.
RaghavendraSLokeshGN. Evaluation of mechanical properties in date palm fronds polymer composites. AIP Conf Proc2019; 2057(1): 020021.
64.
AlsaeedTYousifBFKuH. The potential of using date palm fibres as reinforcement for polymeric composites. Mater Des2013; 43: 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.06.061
65.
ShankarANGeorgeMKrishnaSM, et al.Mechanical, tribological and modal characteristics of eco-friendly coir/sugarcane fillers reinforced polymer composites. Mater Res Express2024; 11(10): 105511. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ad872e
66.
MittalMChaudharyR. Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of randomly oriented short pineapple/coir fiber-reinforced hybrid epoxy composites. Mater Res Express2018; 6(1): 015313. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aae944
67.
AdamuMAlanaziFIbrahimYE, et al.A comprehensive review on sustainable natural fiber in cementitious composites: the date palm fiber case. Sustainability2022; 14: 6691. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116691
68.
SyedTThelakkadanASAl-HussainS. Date-palm fiber as a reinforcement filler in polymer composites. Adv in Sci and Eng2020; 12(2): 78–85. https://doi.org/10.32732/ase.2020.12.2.78
69.
PouloseAMElnourAYAnisA, et al.Date palm biochar-polymer composites: an investigation of electrical, mechanical, thermal and rheological characteristics. Sci Total Environ2018; 619: 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.076
70.
AmrouneSBezaziADufresneA, et al.Investigation of the date palm fiber for green composites reinforcement: thermo-physical and mechanical properties of the fiber. J Nat Fibers2021; 18(5): 717–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1645791
71.
HammoodAS. Effect of erosion on water absorption and morphology for treated date palm fiber-reinforced polyester composites. Int J Mech Mechatron Eng2015; 15(6): 108–114.
72.
DemirME. The effect of graphite addition on the friction coefficient and wear behavior of glass fiber reinforced composites. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi2024; 29(1): 113–124. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1374861
73.
AlayashRBagcalOBaccayM. Structural behavior of phoenix dactylifera L. fibers reinforced concrete. Jof Appl Eng Sci2020; 10(2): 101–110. https://doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2020-0016
HaqueMMMunshiMRAlamSS, et al.Effect of different fibers loading on palm and aramid fiber reinforced hybrid epoxy composite. Adv in Mater and Proc Techn2022; 8(2): 1889–1900. https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068x.2021.1878704
76.
SankarISivaI. The synergy of fiber surface treatment and nanoclay on the static mechanical and tribological behaviors of palmyra fruit Fiber/montmorillonite nanoclay reinforced polyester hybrid composites. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part L2023; 237(1): 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207221105044
PrasadSVKrishnaMRAshokA, et al.Study of mechanical and water absorption characteristics of natural fibre reinforced epoxy composites. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2018; 402(1): 012103. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/402/1/012103
79.
SurnamBYRImrithG. Investigation on the mechanical properties of coconut leaf stalk fibres reinforced composites. J Nat Fibers2023; 20(2): 2198276. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2023.2198276
80.
AlthoeyFHakeemIYHosenMA, et al.Behavior of concrete reinforced with date palm fibers. Materials2022; 15(22): 7923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227923
81.
AhammadRDebnathAKRahmanMM, et al.Mechanical characterization of date palm rachis fiber reinforced epoxy composite. SciEn Conference Series: Engineering2022; 1: 130–134. https://doi.org/10.38032/scse.2025.1.24
LassouedMMnasriTHidouriA, et al.Thermomechanical behavior of Tunisian palm fibers before and after alkalization. Constr Build Mater2018; 170: 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.070
84.
MaouSMeftahYBouchamiaI, et al.Alkali-treated date palm fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites: thermo-mechanical performances and structural applications. Iran Polym J2023; 32(12): 1581–1593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-023-01224-2
85.
AnandaveluKEzhilarasanC. Enhanced morphological and thermal properties of epoxy composites reinforced with palm and Prosopis juliflora fibers. Phys Scripta2024; 99(10): 105002.
86.
MianSHbin JumahASalehM, et al.Fabrication of PLA–date fiber biocomposite via extrusion filament maker for 3D printing and its characterization for eco-friendly and sustainable applications. Polymers2025; 17(19): 2707. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17192707
87.
SlamaniMAmrouneSBenyettouR, et al.Water absorption behavior of date palm fruit branches fiber (DPF) composites: experimental and statistical analyses. J Nat Fibers2024; 21(1): 2375530. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2024.2375530
88.
AlshabanatM. Morphological, thermal, and biodegradation properties of LLDPE/Treated date palm waste composite buried in a soil environment. J Saudi Chem Soc2019; 23(3): 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2018.08.008
MahmoudiHBennounaMSKhalfiM, et al.Enhancing the mechanical properties and performance of bio-composites reinforced with palm fibers. Studies in Eng and Exact Sci Учредители: South Florida Publishing LLC2024; 5(2): e11459. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-612
91.
SariKIsnenYZUtomoABS, et al.Effect of palm fiber volume fraction for enhancing the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy composites. Jurnal Polimesin2025; 23(1): 64–69. https://doi.org/10.30811/jpl.v23i1.5692
GallalaWMohamed KhaterHMSouilahM, et al.Production of low-cost biocomposite made of palm fibers waste and gypsum plaster. Rev Int Contam Ambient2020; 36(2): 475–483. https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.53541
94.
NgoWLPangMMYongLC, et al.Mechanical properties of natural fibre (kenaf, oil palm empty fruit bunch) reinforced polymer composites. Adv Environ Biol2014: 2742–2748.
95.
IslamMZRahmanAMBegumHA. Comparative study of areca fiber reinforced polyester composites and plywood. Eur Sci J2018; 14: 98.
96.
AbassRUAusama Al-SarrafMBachtiarD, et al.Eco-friendly mechanical performance of date palm Khestawi-type fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. J Mech Behav Mater2024; 33(1): 20240019. https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2024-0019
97.
AndezaiAMMaringaMMasuLM. Experimental investigation of dynamic elastic properties of reinforced coconut shell powder/epoxy resin composites. 2020.
98.
Abdelmajeed LabibW. Utilisation of date palm fibres in cement-based composites: a feasibility study. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2019; 596(1): 012028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/596/1/012028
99.
ThakurVKThakurMK. Processing and characterization of natural cellulose fibers/thermoset polymer composites. Carbohydr Polym2014; 109: 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.039
100.
HaqueMMHasanMIslamMS, et al.Physico-mechanical properties of chemically treated palm and coir fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Bioresour Technol2009; 100(20): 4903–4906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.072
101.
DhanabalanDRathanasamyRVediappanV, et al.Experimental investigation of date seed and neem powder reinforced natural fiber composites. Mater Sci2024; 30(3): 334–339. https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.34033
102.
BenzidaneRSereirZBennegadiML, et al.Morphology, static and fatigue behavior of a natural UD composite: the date palm petiole ‘wood’. Compos Struct2018; 203: 110–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.06.122
103.
MohanasundaramSSivakumarM. Thermal properties of natural fiber reinforced hybrid composites. Int J Eng Res Technol2021; 9(10): 125–128.
104.
MohantyJRDasSNDasHC, et al.Effective mechanical properties of polyvinylalcohol biocomposites with reinforcement of date palm leaf fibers. Polym Compos2013; 34(6): 959–966. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.22502
105.
GhaziIFJaddanRI. Thermal conductivity characterization of epoxy based composites reinforced with date palm waste particles. J Phys Conf2021; 1973(1): 012144. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012144
106.
MaheshaCR. Novel prediction model for validating the mechanical behaviour of composite materials using deep learning. Iranian J of Sci and Techn, Trans of Civil Eng2025; 49(4): 4063–4083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-024-01646-9
107.
CheungHYHoMPLauKT, et al.Natural fibre-reinforced composites for bioengineering and environmental engineering applications. Compos B Eng2009; 40(7): 655–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.04.014
108.
AlmiKLakelSBenchabaneA, et al.Characterization of date palm wood used as composites reinforcement. Acta Phys Pol, A2015; 127(4): 1072–1074. https://doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.127.1072
109.
AlQdahKS. Thermal performance of Medina date palm components as thermal insulation in local buildings. Arabian J Sci Eng2022; 47(7): 9075–9084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-06538-y
110.
AgoudjilBBenchabaneABoudenneA, et al.Renewable materials to reduce building heat loss: characterization of date palm wood. Energy Build2011; 43(2-3): 491–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.014
111.
SariNH. Kekuatan mekanik komposit diperkuat serat alam selulosa. Dinamika Teknik Mesin2018; 8(2): 52–57.
112.
AlbahkaliTFoulyAAlnaserIA, et al.Investigation of the mechanical and tribological behavior of epoxy-based hybrid composite. Polymers2023; 15(19): 3880. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15193880
113.
MahdiEOchoaDRHVaziriA, et al.Khalasa date palm leaf fiber as a potential reinforcement for polymeric composite materials. Compos Struct2021; 265: 113501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113501
114.
AsimMParidahMTJawaidM, et al.Physical and flammability properties of kenaf and pineapple leaf fibre hybrid composites. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2018; 368: 012018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/368/1/012018
115.
MasriTOunisHSediraL, et al.Characterization of new composite material based on date palm leaflets and expanded polystyrene wastes. Constr Build Mater2018; 164: 410–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.197
ChaariRKhlifMMallekH, et al.Enzymatic treatments effect on the poly (butylene succinate)/date palm fibers properties for bio-composite applications. Ind Crops Prod2020; 148: 112270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112270
118.
ChaariRKhlifMBradaiC, et al.A comparative study on the influence of fiber enzymatic treatment in thermal, morphological and mechanical properties of PBS matrix reinforced with different date palm fibers: under accelerated UV radiation exposure. J Compos Mater2024; 58(3): 287–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983231223821
119.
SabaNAlothmanOYAlmutairiZ, et al.Date palm reinforced epoxy composites: tensile, impact and morphological properties. J Mater Res Technol2019; 8(5): 3959–3969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.07.004
120.
PereraHBanuH. Recent developments in composite reinforcement using date palm fibers for improved performance through physical and chemical modifications. Int J Polym Anal Char2022; 27(7): 446–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/1023666x.2022.2110088
121.
NajeebMISultanMTHShahAUM, et al.Flexural, dynamic and thermo-mechanical analysis of pineapple leaf fiber/epoxy composites. J Nat Fibers2022; 19(17): 15930–15947. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2022.2139323
122.
Mohamad MidaniNSOthmanYA. Date palm fiber composites processing, properties and applications. Springer, 2020, Vol. 10, pp. 978–981.
123.
ReddyBMReddyRMReddyPV, et al.Effect of alkali treatment on mechanical properties and morphology of the Balanites aegyptiaca composite. Proc IME C J Mech Eng Sci2024; 238(11): 5077–5086. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544062231217596
124.
BelgacemCTarresQEspinachFX, et al.High-yield lignocellulosic fibers from date palm biomass as reinforcement in polypropylene composites: effect of fiber treatment on composite properties. Polymers2020; 12(6): 1423. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061423
125.
OushabiASairSHassaniFO, et al.The effect of alkali treatment on mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of date palm fibers (DPFs): study of the interface of DPF–polyurethane composite. South Afr J Chem Eng2017; 23: 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2017.04.005
126.
GhoriWSabaNJawaidM, et al.A review on date palm (phoenix dactylifera) fibers and its polymer composites. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2018; 368: 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/368/1/012009
127.
GPSKishorBSAnkegowdaVBN. Effect of fiber length on the mechanical properties of coir and wild date palm reinforced epoxy composites. International J of Sci Techn & Eng2016; 2(11): 699–703.
128.
RaghunathanVDhilipJDJRameshM, et al.The effects of stacking sequence on the mechanical and water absorption properties of areca-pineapple fiber-based epoxy composites. J Nat Fibers2022; 19(14): 9681–9692. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.1990183
129.
MerzougABouhamidaBSereirZ, et al.Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical thermal performance of date palm/glass fiber hybrid composites. J Ind Textil2022; 51(5_suppl): 7599S–7621S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083720958036
130.
BenanibaSDjendelMKessalO, et al.Evaluation of mechanical properties of biocomposites treated with date palm fiber. J Eng Fibers Fabrics2023; 18: 15589250231208697. https://doi.org/10.1177/15589250231208697
131.
BoulebnaneADjeghaderDTiouaT. Weibull analysis of charpy impact test in short date palm fiber reinforced epoxy composite. Period Polytech Civ Eng2024; 68(1): 122–130. https://doi.org/10.3311/ppci.22500
132.
InbakumarPJRameshSBoppanaSB. Influence of mechanical properties in the surface modification of palm fiber/epoxy matrix composite. J Nat Fibers2022; 19(14): 9791–9802. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.1993409
133.
KhanSHDhakalHNSaifullahA, et al.Improved mechanical and thermal properties of date palm microfiber-reinforced PCL biocomposites for rigid packaging. Molecules2025; 30(4): 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040857
134.
KhelifaHBezaziABoumediriH, et al.Mechanical characterization of mortar reinforced by date palm mesh fibers: experimental and statistical analysis. Constr Build Mater2021; 300: 124067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124067
135.
BezaziAAmrouneSScarpaF, et al.Investigation of the date palm fiber for green composites reinforcement: quasi-static and fatigue characterization of the fiber. Ind Crop Prod2020; 146: 112135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112135
136.
AlMaadeedMANógellováZJanigováI, et al.Improved mechanical properties of recycled linear low-density polyethylene composites filled with date palm wood powder. Mater Des2014; 58: 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.01.051
137.
AsimMJawaidMAbdanK, et al.The effect of silane treated fibre loading on mechanical properties of pineapple leaf/kenaf fibre filler phenolic composites. J Polym Environ2018; 26(4): 1520–1527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1060-z
138.
GebremaryamGShahapurkarKChenrayanV, et al.Influence of layering pattern, fibre architecture, and alkalization on physical, mechanical, and morphological behaviour of banana fibre epoxy composites. Int J Polym Sci2023; 2023(1): 6023056. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6023056
139.
SenthilkumarKSabaNRajiniN, et al.Mechanical properties evaluation of sisal fibre reinforced polymer composites: a review. Constr Build Mater2018; 174: 713–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.143
Al-OqlaFMHayajnehMTAl-ShridaMAM. Mechanical performance, thermal stability and morphological analysis of date palm fiber reinforced polypropylene composites toward functional bio-products. Cellulose2022; 29(6): 3293–3309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04498-6
142.
MiriMAyatollahiMRAkhavan-SafarA, et al.Impact strength improvement of adhesively bonded structures using natural date palm tree fibers. Mech Adv Mater Struct2024; 31(11): 2483–2493. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2022.2158506
143.
Akhavan-SafarADelzendehrooyFAyatollahiM, et al.Influence of date palm tree fibers on the tensile fracture energy of an epoxy-based adhesive. J Nat Fibers2022; 19(16): 14379–14395. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2022.2064393
144.
AwadSZhouYKatsouE, et al.Polymer matrix systems used for date palm composite reinforcement. In: Date palm fiber composites: processing, properties and applications. Springer, 2020, pp. 119–159.
145.
HassaninAHElseifyLAHamoudaT. Date palm fiber composite fabrication techniques. In: Date palm fiber composites: processing, properties and applications. Springer Singapore, 2020, pp. 161–183.
146.
WaseetuddinNSAbubakarAAAl-AthelKS, et al.Investigation of epoxy grouts incorporating date palm waste: mechanical performance analysis. Case Stud Constr Mater2024; 20: e03314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03314
147.
AliMAl-AssafAHSalahM. Date palm fiber‐reinforced recycled polymer composites: synthesis and characterization. Adv Polym Technol2022; 2022(1): 7957456. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7957456
148.
DevBRahmanAAlamR, et al.Mapping the progress in natural fiber reinforced composites: preparation, mechanical properties, and applications. Polym Compos2023; 44(7): 3748–3788. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.27376
149.
MousaGBashaMMoustafaEB. Evaluation of the mechanical and dynamic properties of scrimber wood produced from date palm fronds. J Mech Behav Mater2024; 33(1): 20220305. https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0305
150.
JawaidMAwadSFouadH, et al.Improvements in the thermal behaviour of date palm/bamboo fibres reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Compos Struct2021; 277: 114644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114644
151.
SupianABMJawaidMRashidB, et al.Mechanical and physical performance of date palm/bamboo fibre reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. J of Mater Res and Techn2021; 15: 1330–1341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.08.115
152.
ShebaniAEtmimiHAhmedE, et al.Low and high molecular weight polyethylene glycol as a treating and coupling agent in high density polyethylene/date palm tree fiber composites. Al-Asmariya Univ J2021; 6(5): 1157.
153.
MeftahYTayefiMFellouhF, et al.Influence of alkali treatment and dune sand content on the properties of date palm fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites. J of Compos & Adv Mat/Revue des Composites et des Matériaux Avancés2020; 30: 161–167. https://doi.org/10.18280/rcma.303-406
154.
KaddamiHArrakhizFEHafsO, et al.Implementation and characterization of a laminate hybrid composite based on palm tree and glass fibers. Polymers2021; 13(19): 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193444
155.
BerkoukAMeghezziAChelaliH, et al.Mechanical, morphological, thermal and dynamic study of composites of unsaturated polyesters-date palm leaf fiber DPLF. J of Compos & Adv Mat/Revue des Composites et des Matériaux Avancés2021; 31(6): 317–323. https://doi.org/10.18280/rcma.310602
156.
ChihaouiBSerra-PararedaFTarrésQ, et al.Effect of the fiber treatment on the stiffness of date palm fiber reinforced PP composites: Macro and micromechanical evaluation of the young’s modulus. Polymers2020; 12(8): 1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081693
157.
Abu-SharkhBFHamidH. Degradation study of date palm fibre/polypropylene composites in natural and artificial weathering: mechanical and thermal analysis. Polym Degrad Stabil2004; 85(3): 967–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.10.022
158.
KessalOSidhoumKBenanibaS, et al.Static modeling of thermal properties and influence of soda hydroxide treatment on biomaterial behavior. Studies in Eng and Exact Sci Учредители: South Florida Publishing LLC2024; 5(2): e11860. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-705
159.
SalihSEAl-KaisyHAIbrahimSI. Effect of reinforced system by palm fibers on the mechanical and insulation (thermal and acoustic) properties for polymer composite materials. 2013.
160.
BoubaayaRDjendelMSidhoumK, et al.Evaluation of the mechanical properties of hybrid composites reinforced with plant fibers. Studies in Engineering and Exact Ssiences2024; 5(2): e7148. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-133
161.
BenaimecheOCarpinteriAMellasM, et al.The influence of date palm mesh fibre reinforcement on flexural and fracture behaviour of a cement-based mortar. Compos B Eng2018; 152: 292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.07.017
162.
AbdellahMYSadekMGAlharthiH, et al.Mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties of natural fibre-reinforced polyester. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part E J Process Mech Eng2024; 238(3): 1436–1448. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089231157638
163.
AlshahraniHAlshammariBAShahAH, et al.Development of hybrid composite utilizing micro-cellulose fibers extracted from date palm rachis in the Najran region. Polymers2022; 14(21): 4687. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14214687
164.
MegahedHEmaraMFaragM, et al.Enhancement of the mechanical behavior of starch-palm fiber composites. Mater Res Proc2019; 11: 201–210.
165.
HusseinSM. A study of some mechanical and physical properties for palm fiber/polyester composite. Eng and Techn J2020; 38(3B): 104–114. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i3b.598
166.
OuisATouilebK. An investigation of the mixing design and the mechanical properties of glass and date palm fibers and nanoparticle-polyester hybrid composites. Eng Technol Appl Sci Res2025; 15(4): 25851–25857. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.12241
167.
DehghaniAArdekaniSMAl-MaadeedMA, et al.Mechanical and thermal properties of date palm leaf fiber reinforced recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) composites. Mater Des2013; 52: 841–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.06.022
168.
SinghSPSharmaASinghV, et al.Effects of fiber type, content, orientation, and surface treatments on the mechanical properties of PAFRP composite. Eng Res Express2023; 6(1): 015011. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ad1432
169.
IbrahimHFaragMMegahedH, et al.Characteristics of starch-based biodegradable composites reinforced with date palm and flax fibers. Carbohydr Polym2014; 101: 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.051
170.
RajthilakKRRameshSLokeshGN, et al.Date palm fibre reinforced composite by multiple resin to enhance the properties of a composite-a review. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2021; 1013(1): 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1013/1/012034
171.
MakriHAmrouneSZaouiM, et al.Investigation on the mechanical behavior of date palm fibers reinforced composites: predictive modelling using artificial neural networks (ANNs). J Nat Fibers2024; 21(1): 2396899. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2024.2396899
172.
AsimMJawaidMKhanA, et al.Effects of date palm fibres loading on mechanical, and thermal properties of date palm reinforced phenolic composites. J Mater Res Technol2020; 9(3): 3614–3621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.01.099
173.
MahmoudiN. Use of date palm fibers as reinforcement for thermoplastic-based composites. Mech & Indus2013; 14(1): 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1051/meca/2012043
174.
BelgacemCSerra-PararedaFTarrésQ, et al.Valorization of date palm waste for plastic reinforcement: macro and micromechanics of flexural strength. Polymers2021; 13(11): 1751. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111751
