Self-reinforced all-cellulose composites were produced in situ by partial dissolution in lithium chloride/N,N dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) of cellulose fibers isolated from Musaceae leaf sheaths resides. These composites show two phases, a continuous phase formed by the dissolution of fibers that transformation to cellulose II and another phase non-dissolved fibers of cellulose I, which acts as self-reinforcing as shown in SEM images. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the coexistence of cellulose I and cellulose II polymorphs. The higher Young’s modulus (4.6 GPa) and tensile strength (95 MPa) are resulting in the optimum relationship between fibers/matrix due to enough LiCl/DMAc to form the matrix and unify fibers with a good interface and optical transparency. These results are seven and twenty-one times higher than that of C0, respectively. In addition, the use of these agro-industrial waste as a raw material in the production of all-cellulose composites offers an opportunity to obtain sustainable and environmentally friendly materials as an alternative for packaging industries.
PeijsT.Composites for recyclability. Mater Today2003;
6: 30–35.
4.
NishinoTArimotoN.All-cellulose composite prepared by selective dissolving of fiber surface. Biomacromolecules2007;
8: 2712–2716.
5.
YangJLiJ.Self-assembled cellulose materials for biomedicine: a review. Carbohydr Polym2018;
181: 264–274.
6.
KimJHShimBSKimHS, et al.
Review of nanocellulose for sustainable future material. Int J Precis Eng Manuf Green Tech2015;
2: 197–213.
7.
HuberTMûssigJCurnowO, et al.
A critical review of all-cellulose composites. J Mater Sci2012;
47: 1171–1186.
8.
HanQGaoXZhangH, et al.
Preparation and comparative assessment of regenerated cellulose films from corn (zea mays) stalk pulp fines in DMAc/LiCl solution. Carbohydr Polym2019;
218: 315–323.
9.
HaiLVKimHCKafyA, et al.
Green all-cellulose nanocomposites made with cellulose nanofibers reinforced in dissolved cellulose matrix without heat treatment. Cellulose2017;
24: 3301–3311.
10.
GhaderiMMousaviMYousefiH, et al.
All-cellulose nanocomposite film made from bagasse cellulose nanofibers for food packaging application. Carbohydr Polym2014;
104: 59–65.
11.
SoykeabkaewNArimotoNNishinoT, et al.
All-cellulose composites by surface selective dissolution of aligned lignocellulose fibers. Compos Sci Technol2008;
68: 2201–2207.
GindlWMartinschitzKJBoeseckeP, et al.
Structural changes during tensile testing of an all-cellulose composite by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Compos Sci Technol2006;
66: 2639–2647.
14.
YousefiHFaezipourMNishinoT, et al.
All-cellulose composite and nanocomposite made from partially dissolved micro- and nanofibers of canola straw. Polym J2011;
43: 559–564.
15.
ZhangCLiuRXiangJ, et al.
Dissolution mechanism of cellulose in N,N-Dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride: revisiting through molecular interactions. J Phys Chem B2014;
118: 9507–9514.
16.
Chávez-GuerreroLVazquez-RodriguezSSalinas-MontelongoJA, et al.
Preparation of all-cellulose composites with optical transparency using the banana pseudostem as a raw material. Cellulose2019;
26: 3777–3786.
17.
TanpichaiSWitayakranS.All-cellulose composites from pineapple leaf microfibers: structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. Polym Compos2018;
39: 895–903.
18.
ÁlvarezCRojanoBAlmazaO, et al.
Self-bonding boards from plantain fiber bundles after enzymatic treatment: adhesion improvement of lignocellulosic products by enzymatic pre-treatment. J Polym Environ2011;
19: 182–188.
19.
ZuluagaRPutauxJ-LRestrepoA, et al.
Cellulose microfibrils from banana farming residues: isolation and characterization. Cellulose2007;
14: 585–592.
20.
ZuluagaRPutauxJLCruzJ, et al.
Cellulose microfibrils from banana rachis: effect of alkaline treatments on structural and morphological features. Carbohydr Polym2009;
76: 51–59.
21.
ReddyNYangY.Biofibers from agricultural byproducts for industrial applications. Trends Biotechnol2005;
23: 22–27.
22.
SunXSunRFowlerP, et al.
Isolation and characterization of cellulose obtained by a two-stage treatment with organosolv and cyanamide activated hydrogen peroxide from wheat straw. Carbohydr Polym2004;
55: 379–391.
23.
MeloRPda RosaMPBeckPH.Thermal, morphological and mechanical properties of composites based on polyamide 6 with cellulose, silica and their hybrids from rice husk. J Compos Mater. Epub ahead of print 7 December 2020. DOI: 10.1177/0021998320978290.
24.
YanoHSugiyamaJNakagaitoAN, et al.
Optically transparent composites reinforced with networks of bacterial nanofibers. Adv Mater2005;
17: 253–255.
25.
SunJXXuFSunXF, et al.
Physico-Chemical and thermal characterization of cellulose from barley straw. Polym Degrad Stab2005;
88: 521–531.
26.
LiangCYMarchessaultRH.Hydrogen bonds in native celluloses. J Polym Sci1959a;
35: 529–531.
27.
LiangCYMarchessaultRH.Infrared spectra of crystalline polysaccharides, II native cellulose in the region from 640 to 1700 cm−1. J Polym Sci1959b;
39: 269–278.
28.
LiangCYMarchessaultRH.Infrared spectra of crystalline polysaccharides, I: hydrogen bonds in native cellulose. J Polym Sci1959c;
37: 385–395.
29.
TsuboiM.Infrared spectrum and crustal structure of cellulose. J Polym Sci1957;
25: 159–171.
SugiyamaJPerssonJChanzyH.Combined infrared and electron diffraction study of the polymorphism of native cellulose. Macromolecules1991;
24: 2461–2466.
32.
Senthil Muthu KumarTRajiniNObi ReddyN, et al.
All-cellulose composite films with cellulose matrix and Napier grass cellulose fibril fillers. Int J Biol Macromol2018;
112: 1310–1315.
33.
DucheminBLe CorreDNolwennL, et al.
All-cellulose composites based on microfibrillated cellulose and filter paper via a NaOH-urea solvent system. Cellulose2016;
23: 593–6009.
34.
ZhouLMYeungKWPYuenCWM.Effect of NaOH mercerization on the crosslinking of ramie yarn using 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid. Text Res J2002;
72: 531–538.
35.
NelsonMLO'ConnorRT.Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystallinity and crystal lattice type, part I: spectral of lattice type I, II, III and amorphous cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci1964;
8: 1311–1324.
36.
WangHLiSWuT, et al.
A comparative study on the characterization of nanofibers with cellulose I, I/II, and II polymorphs from wood. Polymers2019;
11: 153–115.
37.
YueYHanJHanG, et al.
Characterization of cellulose I/II hybrid fibers isolated from energycane bagasse during the delignification process: morphology, crystallinity and percentage estimation. Carbohydr Polym2015;
133: 438–447.
38.
HanJZhouCWuY, et al.
Self-assembling behavior of cellulose nanoparticles during freeze-drying: effect of suspension concentration, particle size, crystal structure, and surface charge. Biomacromolecules2013;
14: 1529–1540.
39.
XiaoBSunXFSunRC.Chemical, structural, and thermal characterization of alkali-soluble lignins and hemicelluloses, and cellulose form maize stems, rye straw, and rice straw. Polym Degrad Stab2001;
74: 307–319.
40.
SaoKPMathewMDRayPK.Infrared spectra of alkali treated degummend ramie. Text Res J1987;
57: 407–414.
41.
HigginsHGStewartCMHarringtonKJ.Infrared spectra of cellulose and related polysaccharides. J Polym Sci1961;
5: 59–84.
ZhaoQYamRCMZhangB, et al.
Novel all-cellulose ecocomposites prepared in ionic liquids. Cellulose2009;
16: 217–226.
44.
JinEGuoJYangF, et al.
On the polymorphic and morphological changes of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-I) upon mercerization and conversion to CNC-II. Carbohydr Polym2016;
143: 327–335.
45.
LiuYHuH.X-ray diffraction study of bamboo fibers treated with NaOH. Fibers Polym2008;
9: 735–739.
46.
LabidiKKorhonenOZridaM, et al.
All-cellulose composites from alfa and wood fibers. Ind Crops Prod2019;
127: 135–141.
47.
LiuCFXuFSunJX, et al.
Physicochemical characterization of cellulose form perennial ryegrass leaves (Lolium perenne). Carbohydr Res2006;
341: 2677–2687.
