In the present study, strain-rate and temperature dependence of the transverse tensile failure mode of unidirectional heat-resistant carbon fiber-reinforced plastics is numerically simulated by finite element analyses. In the analyses, interface failure and matrix failure are represented by cohesive zone modeling and continuum damage mechanics, respectively. For the continuum damage mechanics, Christensen's failure criteria of multi-axial stress states for each strain rate are applied to the matrix properties. Interfacial properties which are obtained by microbond test are introduced into cohesive zone modeling. A time-temperature superposition principle approach is applied in order to translate the difference in temperature as the difference in strain rate. The damage initiation depends on strain rate and temperature, while the cohesive zone modeling is assumed to be temperature- and time-independent. The initial damage starting points and the failure mode are predicted in numerical analysis. The transverse tensile strengths in analysis results are compared with the three-point bending testing results.
MiyauchiMIshidaYOgasawaraT, et al.Highly soluble phenylethynyl-terminated imide oligomers based on KAPTON-type backbone structures for carbon fiber-reinforced composites with high heat resistance. Polym J2013; 45(6): 594–600.
2.
HosoiAKawadaH. Fatigue life prediction for transverse crack initiation of CFRP cross-ply and quasi-isotropic laminates. Materials2018; 11(7): E1182.
3.
FiedlerBHojoMOchiaiS, et al.Finite-element modeling of initial matrix failure in CFRP under static transverse tensile load. Compos Sci Technol2001; 61(1): 95–105.
4.
NaderiMApetreNIyyerN. Effect of interface properties on transverse tensile response of fiber-reinforced composites: micromechanical modeling. J Compos Mater2017; 51(22): 2963–2977.
5.
KoyanagiJSatoYSasayamaT, et al.Numerical simulation of strain-rate dependent transition of transverse tensile failure mode in fiber-reinforced composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2014; 56: 136–142.
6.
YangLYanYLiuY, et al.Microscopic failure mechanisms of fiber-reinforced polymer composites under transverse tension and compression. Compos Sci Technol2012; 72(15): 1818–1825.
7.
VaughanTJMcCarthyCT. Micromechanical modelling of the transverse damage behaviour in fibre reinforced composites. Compos Sci Technol2011; 71(3): 388–396.
8.
YangLLiuXWuZ, et al.Effects of triangle-shape fiber on the transverse mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Compos Struct2016; 152: 617–625.
9.
KoerberHXavierJCamanhoPP. High strain rate characterisation of unidirectional carbon-epoxy IM7-8552 in transverse compression and in-plane shear using digital image correlation. Mech Mater2010; 42(11): 1004–1019.
10.
TanksJDHarrisDKSharpSR. Mechanical response of unidirectional composite bars loaded in transverse compression. Compos Part B: Eng2016; 97: 18–25.
11.
ElnekhailySATalrejaR. Damage initiation in unidirectional fiber composites with different degrees of nonuniform fiber distribution. Compos Sci Technol2018; 155: 22–32.
12.
HerráezMGonzálezCLopesCS, et al.Computational micromechanics evaluation of the effect of fibre shape on the transverse strength of unidirectional composites: an approach to virtual materials design. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2016; 91: 484–492.
13.
HerráezMMoraDNayaF, et al.Transverse cracking of cross-ply laminates: a computational micromechanics perspective. Compos Sci Technol2015; 110: 196–204.
14.
MuthukumarMPrasathJDesaiYM, et al.Mechanical behavior of unidirectional composites with hexagonal and uneven distribution of fibers in the transverse cross-section. J Compos Mater2018; 52(22): 2985–3000.
15.
YangBYueZGengX, et al.Temperature effects on transverse failure modes of carbon fiber/bismaleimides composites. J Compos Mater2017; 51(2): 261–272.
16.
MustafaGSulemanACrawfordC. Probabilistic first ply failure prediction of composite laminates using a multi-scale M-SaF and Bayesian inference approach. J Compos Mater2018; 52(2): 169–195.
17.
Ahmadian H, Yang M, Nagarajan A, et al. Effects of shape and misalignment of fibers on the failure response of carbon fiber reinforced polymers. Comput Mech. Epub ahead of print August 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00466-018-1634-1.
18.
BahmaniALiGWillettTL, et al.Three-dimensional microscopic assessment of randomly distributed representative volume elements for high fiber volume fraction unidirectional composites. Compos Struct2018; 192: 153–164.
19.
ChevalierJCamanhoPPLaniF, et al.Multi-scale characterization and modelling of the transverse compression response of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy. Compos Struct2019; 209: 160–176.
20.
GhayoorHMarsdenCCHoaSV, et al.Numerical analysis of resin-rich areas and their effects on failure initiation of composites. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2019; 117: 125–133.
21.
GonzálezCLlorcaJ. Mechanical behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymers under transverse compression: microsocopic mechanisms and modeling. Compos Sci Technol2007; 67(13): 2795–2806.
22.
NayaFGonzálezCLopesCS, et al.Computational micromechanics of the transverse and shear behavior of unidirectional fiber reinforced polymers including environmental effects. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2017; 92: 146–157.
23.
OkabeTNishikawaMToyoshimaH. A periodic unit-cell simulation of fiber arrangement dependence on the transverse tensile failure in unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composites. Int J Solid Struct2011; 48(20): 2948–2959.
24.
SunQMengZZhouG, et al.Multi-scale computational analysis of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites under various loading conditions. Compos Struct2018; 196: 30–43.
25.
TanWNayaFYangL, et al.The role of interfacial properties on the intralaminar and interlaminar damage behaviour of unidirectional composite laminates: experimental characterization and multiscale modelling. Compos Part B: Eng2018; 138: 206–221.
26.
ThomasMBoyardNPerezL, et al.Representative volume element of anisotropic unidirectional carbon-epoxy composite with high-fibre volume fraction. Compos Sci Technol2008; 68(15–16): 3184–3192.
27.
YuYZhangBTangZ, et al.Stress transfer analysis of unidirectional composites with randomly distributed fibers using finite element method. Compos Part B: Eng2014; 69: 278–285.
28.
ZemčíkHKroupaTZemčíkR, et al.Influence of fiber spatial distribution in unidirectional composite cross-section on homogenized elastic parameters. Compos Struct2018; 203: 927–933.
29.
LiSWarriorNZouZ, et al.A unit cell for FE analysis of materials with the microstructure of a staggered pattern. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2011; 42(7): 801–811.
30.
MelroARCamanhoPPPiresFMA, et al.Micromechanical analysis of polymer composites reinforced by unidirectional fibres, Part II – micromechanical analyses. Int J Solids Struct2013; 50(11–12): 1906–1915.
31.
KoyanagiJShahPDKimuraS, et al.Mixed-mode interfacial debonding simulation in single-fiber composite under a transverse load. J Solid Mech Mater Eng2009; 3(5): 796–806.
32.
KoyanagiJYoneyamaSNemotoA, et al.Time and temperature dependence of carbon/epoxy interface strength. Compos Sci Technol2010; 70(9): 1395–1400.
33.
SatoMKoyanagiJLuX, et al.Temperature dependence of interfacial strength of carbon-fiber-reinforced temperature-resistant polymer composites. Compos Struct2018; 202: 283–289.
34.
KoyanagiJNakataniHOgiharaS. Comparison of glass-epoxy interface strengths examined by cruciform specimen and single-fiber pull-out tests under combined stress state. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2012; 43(11): 1819–1827.
35.
KoyanagiJYoneyamaSKatsuyaE, et al.Time dependencey of carbon/epoxy interface strength. Compos Struct2010; 92(1): 150–154.
36.
KoyanagiJOgiharaS. Temperature dependence of glass fiber/epoxy interface normal strength examined by a cruciform specimen method. Compos Part B: Eng2011; 42(6): 1492–1496.
37.
KoyanagiJYoshimuraAKawadaH, et al.A numerical simulation of time-dependent interface failure under shear and compressive loads in single-fiber composites. Appl Compos Mater2010; 17(1): 31–41.
38.
SatoMImaiEKoyanagiJ, et al.Evaluation of the interfacial strength of carbon-fiber-reinforced temperature-resistant polymer composites by the micro-droplet test. Adv Compos Mater2017; 26(5): 465–476.
39.
ChristensenRM. The theory of materials failure, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
40.
ChristensenRM. Perspective on materials failure theory and applications. J Appl Mech2016; 83(11): 111001.
41.
Hibbitt H, Karlsson B, Sorensen P. Abaqus analysis user’s manual version 2016. Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp, Providence. 2016.
42.
KoyanagiJNakadaMMiyanoY. Tensile strength at elevated temperature and its applicability as an accelerated testing methodology for unidirectional composites. Mech Time-Dependent Mater2012; 16(1): 19–30.
43.
MatsuoTNakadaMKageyamaK. Prediction of fiber-directional flexural strength of carbon fiber-reinforced polypropylene based on time – temperature superposition principle. J Compos Mater2018; 52(6): 793–805.
44.
FukudaH. Testing method of strength of polymer matrix composites: bending testing method. J Jpn Soc Compos Mater1998; 24(3): 77–81. in Japanese.
