The main objective of this study is to predict the joint strength and frequency ranges for failure modes on single-lap joints of glass fiber/epoxy specimens under tensile loading, without causing much damage to the lap joint specimen. To design structural components using composite materials, a deep understanding about the material behavior and its failure modes are necessary. To create a better understanding of the adhesive failure, unstable growth and failure process monitoring during mechanical loading is important. Parametric analysis and multistage approach appears to be an efficient tool to correlate the mechanical behavior of composite single-lap joints namely bonded joint, riveted joint, and hybrid joint with acoustic response. The dominant failure modes and their characteristic frequency ranges are assigned to the different acoustic emission (AE) signal levels on the basis of AE waveform in the time domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis. FFT analysis is performed for the peak frequency ranges and the results are interpreted with respect to the amplitude and duration hit activity for each failure mode. The results obtained from AE parametric analysis are compared with FFT analysis results to find the peak frequency ranges for each failure mode. Scanning electron microscopy was used to categorize the defects in the post-test specimen, and AE data were correlated to the damage events.
MatthewsFLKiltyPPFGodwinEW. A review of the strength of joints in FRP: Adhesively bonded joints. Composites1982; 13(1): 29–37.
2.
ShinKCLimJOLeeJJ. The manufacturing process of co-cured single and double lap joints and evaluation of the loads bearing capacities of co-cured joints. J Mater Process Technol2003; 138: 89–96.
3.
AggelisDGBarkoulaNMMatikasTE. Acoustic structural health monitoring of composite materials: Damage identification and evaluation in cross ply laminates using acoustic emission and ultrasonics. Compos Sci Technol2012; 72: 1127–1133.
4.
GuildFJWaltonDAdamsRD. The application of acoustic emission to fiber reinforced composite materials. Composites1976; 7: 173–179.
5.
AdamsRDCawleyP. Defect types and non-destructive testing techniques for composites and bonded joints. Constr Build Mater1989; 3(4): 170–183.
6.
BarreSBenzeggaghML. On the use of acoustic emission to investigate damage mechanism in glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene. Compos Sci Technol1994; 52: 369–376.
7.
BarHNBhatMRMurthyCRL. Parametric analysis of acoustic emission signals for evaluating damage in composites using PVDF film sensors. J NonDestruct Eval2005; 24: 121–134.
8.
SantuliCLuciaAC. Relation between acoustic emission analysis during cure cycle and bonded joints performances. NDT&E Int1999; 32: 333–334.
9.
MagalhaesAGDe MouraMFSF. Application of acoustic emission to study creep behavior of composite bonded lap shear joints. NDT&E Int2005; 38: 45–52.
10.
Ramirez-JimenezCRPapadakisNReynoldsN. Identification of failure modes in glass /polypropylene composites by means of the primary frequency content of the acoustic emission event. Compos Sci Technol2004; 64(12): 1819–1827.
11.
BohseJ. Acoustic emission characteristics of micro-failure processes in polymer blends and composites. Compos Sci Technol2000; 60: 1213–1226.
12.
SauseMGRGribovAUnwinAR. Pattern recognition approach to identify natural clusters of acoustic emission signals. Pattern Recogn Lett2012; 33: 17–23.
13.
SauseMGRHornS. Simulation of acoustic emission in planar carbon fiber reinforced plastic specimens. J NonDestruct Eval2010; 29(2): 123–142.
14.
SauseMGRMullerTHoroschenkoffA. Quantification of failure mechanisms in mode-I loading of fiber reinforced plastics utilizing acoustic emission analysis. Compos Sci Technol2012; 72: 167–174.
15.
SauseMGRHamstadMAHornS. Finite element modeling of conical acoustic emission sensors and corresponding experiments. Sens Actuat Appl Phys2012; 184: 64–71.
16.
SauseMGRHamstadMAHornS. Finite element modeling of lamb wave propagation in anisotropic hybrid Materials. Compos Part B: Eng2013; 53: 249–257.
17.
De GrootPJWijnenPAMJanssenRBF. Real time frequency determination of acoustic emission for different fracture mechanisms in carbon/epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol1995; 55: 405–412.
18.
ArumugamVKumarSSantulliC. A global method for the identification of failure modes in fiber glass using acoustic emission. J Test Eval2011; 39(5): 103730–103730.
19.
BentaharMEl GuerjoumaR. Monitoring progressive damage in polymer based composite using non linear dynamics and acoustic emission. J Acoust Soc Am2009; 125: 39–44.
20.
SegardEBenmedakheneSLaksimiA. Damage analysis and the fiber–matrix effect in polypropylene reinforced by short glass fibers above glass transition temperature. Compos Struct2003; 60: 67–72.
21.
MatsuzakiRShibataMTodorokiA. Reinforcing an aluminum/GFRP co-cured single lap joint using inter adherend fiber. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf2008; 3: 786–795.
22.
Mohamed BakKKalaiChelvanKVijayaRaghavanGK. Study on the effect of adhesive thickness of single lap joints using acoustic emission and FEA. J BINDT (Insight)2013; 55(1): 35–41.
23.
Mohamed BakKKalaiChelvanKVijayaRaghavanGK. Acoustic emission wavelet transform analysis on adhesively bonded single lap joints of composite laminate during tensile test. J Reinf Plast Compos2013; 32: 87–95.
24.
Mohamed BakKKalaichelvanKArumugamV. A novel approach for classification of failure modes in single lap joints using acoustic emission data. J Compos Mater2014; 48: 3003–3017.
25.
ASTM D5868. Standard practice for lap shear adhesion for fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) bonding, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2002.
26.
ASTM E1316-07b. Standard terminology for nondestructive examinations, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2007.
27.
ASTM E1781/E1781M–13. Standard practice for secondary calibration of acoustic emission sensors, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2013.
28.
EN13477 2013. Non-destructive testing - acoustic emission - equipment characterisation - Part 2: Verification of operating characteristic. DIN standard.
29.
NielsenA. Acoustic emission source based on pencil lead breaking. Danish Weld Inst Publ1980; 80: 15–15.
30.
Sause MGR and Horn S. Influence of specimen geometry on acoustic emission signals in fiber reinforced composites: FEM-simulations and experiments. In: Proceedings of 29th European conference on acoustic emission testing, Vienna, Austria, EWGAE 2010.
31.
AE system user’s manual, Acoustic emission procedure and its applications. Physical Acoustic Corporation, May 2005.
32.
Mohamed BakKPrasanna VenkatesnKKalaiChelvanK. Parametric study of bonded, riveted and hybrid composite joints using FEA. J Appl Sci2012; 12(10): 1058–1062.
33.
CamanhoPPMatthewsFL. Stress analysis and strength prediction of mechanically fastened joints in FRP: A review. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf1997; 28: 529–547.
34.
ASTM D5573. Standard practices for classifying failure modes in fiber-reinforced-plastic (FRP) joints, Annual book of ASTM standards, 2002.
35.
BenmedakheneSKenaneMBenzeggaghML. Initiation and growth of delamination in glass/epoxy composites subjected to static and dynamic loading by acoustic emission monitoring. Compos Sci Technol1999; 59: 201–208.
