Intermediate strain rate energy harvesting from the impact of PZT 52/48 and 95/5

Abstract

The depolarization behavior of lead zirconate titanate 95/5 and 52/48 has been well characterized under uniaxial strain with strain rates on the order of 10⁶/s, and under quasi-static uniaxial stress loading with strain rates on the order of 0.1–100/s. This study examines the depolarization behavior under uniaxial stress at strain rates on the order of 10 to 10³/s. Specimens were loaded using a split Hopkinson pressure bar. Loading rates from 7.2 to 92.5 MPa/µs were investigated, with a maximum stress of around 900 MPa. The results show significant depolarization rate sensitivity in lead zirconate titanate 52/48, while lead zirconate titanate 95/5 exhibits two responses above and below the stress rate of 50–60 MPa/µs, both with little rate sensitivity.

Keywords

Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB)Kolsky bar loading rate uniaxial stress lead zirconate titanate (PZT)PZT 52/48 PZT 95/5 mechanical depolarization polarization switching phase transformation

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Mock

Holt

. Pulse charging of nanofarad capacitors from the shock depoling of PZT 56-44 and PZT 95/5 ferroelectric ceramics. J Appl Phys 1978; 49(12): 5846–5854.

Wadley

Dharmasena

. An active concept for limiting injuries caused by air blasts. Int J Impact Eng 2010; 37(3): 317–323.

Hazell

. Advances in explosive reactive armour. Mil Technol 2008; 32(6): 124–133.

Knoeller

. Protecting the warfighter — recent armor innovations. AMMTIAC Q 2010; 4(4): 7–10.

Newnham

Skinner

Cross

. Connectivity and piezoelectric-pyroelectric composites. Mater Res Bull 1978; 13(5): 525–536.

Liu

. Development of a stress sensor based on the piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate for impact stress measurement. SPIE Proc 2011; 8409(1): 1–8.

Song

Olmi

. An overheight vehicle–bridge collision monitoring system using piezoelectric transducers. Smart Mater Struct 2007; 16(2): 462–468.

Van Nuffel D, Peirs J, De Baere I, et al. Calibration of dynamic piezoelectric force transducers using the hopkinson bar technique. In: Proceedings of the 15th international conference on experimental mechanics, Porto, Portugal, 22–27 July 2012, paper no. 3068, pp.1–12.

Altgilbers

Lynch

Baird

. Explosive pulsed power, 1st ed. Covent Garden, London: Imperial College Press, 2011, pp. 369–439.

10.

Fritz

Keck

. Pressure-temperature phase diagrams for several modified lead zirconate ceramics. J Phys Chem Solids 1978; 39(11): 1163–1167.

11.

Lysne

Percival

. Electric energy generation by shock compression of ferroelectric ceramics: normal-mode response of PZT 95/5*. J Appl Phys 1975; 46(4): 1519–1525.

12.

Scott

Kammerdiner

Parris

. Switching kinetics of lead zirconate titanate submicron thin-film memories. J Appl Phys 1988; 64(2): 787–792.

13.

Zhou

Kamlah

Munz

. Rate dependence of soft PZT ceramics under electric field loading. Proc SPIE 2001; 4333(11): 64–70.

14.

Kim

Noh

. Polarization switching kinetics of epitaxial Pb(Zr_0.4Ti_0.6)O₃ thin films. Appl Phys Lett 2005; 86(9): 092905–092905.

15.

Moulson

Herbert

. Electroceramics: materials, properties, applications, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2003, pp. 362–362.

16.

Fritz

Keck

. Pressure-temperature phase diagrams for several modified lead zirconate ceramics. J Phys Chem Solids 1978; 39(11): 1163–1167.

17.

Valadez

Sahul

Alberta

. The effect of a hydrostatic pressure induced phase transformation on the unipolar electrical response of Nb modified 95/5 lead zirconate titanate. J Appl Phys 2012; 111(2): 024109–024109.

18.

Zeuch

Montgomery

Holcomb

. Uniaxial compression experiments on lead zirconate titanate 95/5-2Nb ceramic: evidence for an orientation-dependent, “maximum compressive stress” criterion for onset of the ferroelectric to antiferroelectric polymorphic transformation. J Mater Res 2000; 15(3): 689–703.

19.

Chhabildas LC. Dynamic shock studies of PZT 95/5 ferroelectric ceramic. Report. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Labs. Report no. SAND-84-1729. December 1984.

20.

Setchell

Chhabildas

Furnish

. Dynamic electromechanical characterization of the ferroelectric ceramic PZT 95/5. AIP Conf Proc 1998; 429(1): 781–784.

21.

Setchell

Montgomery

Chhabildas

. The effects of shock stress and field strength on shock-induced depoling of normally poled PZT 95/5. AIP Conf Proc 2000; 505(1): 979–982.

22.

Furnish

Robbins

Trott

. Multidimensional validation impact tests on PZT 95/5 and ALOX. AIP Conf Proc 2001; 620(1): 205–208.

23.

Furnish MD, Setchell RE, Chhabildas LC, et al. Gas gun impact testing of PZT 95/5, Part 1: unpoled state. Report. Livermore, CA: Sandia National Labs. Report no. SAND99-1630. January 2000.

24.

Setchell

Tuttle

Voigt

. Effects of microstructural variables on the shock wave response of PZT 95/5 Report. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National LabsReport no. SAND2003-053. February 2003.

25.

Setchell

Tuttle

Voigt

. Microstructural effects on the shock response of PZT 95/5. AIP Conf Proc 2004; 706(1): 180–183.

26.

Setchell

. Shock wave compression of the ferroelectric ceramic Pb_0.99(Zr_0.95Ti_0.05)_0.98Nb_0.02O₃: depoling currents. J Appl Phys 2005; 97(1): 013507–013507.

27.

Jiang

. Shock wave compression and self-generated electric field repolarization in ferroelectric ceramics Pb_0.99[(Zr_0.90Sn_0.10)_0.96Ti_0.04]_0.98Nb_0.02O₃. J Phys D: Appl Phys 2012; 45(11): 115401–115401.

28.

Lysne

Bartel

. Electromechanical response of PZT 65/35 subjected to axial shock loading. J Appl Phys 1975; 46(1): 222–222.

29.

Mock

Holt

. Axial-current-mode shock depoling of PZT 56/44 ferroelectric ceramic disks. J Appl Phys 1979; 50(4): 2740–2740.

30.

Furnish

Chhabildas

Setchell

. Dynamic electromechanical characterization of axially poled PZT 95/5. AIP Conf Proc 2000; 505(1): 975–978.

31.

Feng

Nie

Chen

. Depoling of porous Pb_0.99(Zr_0.95Ti_0.05)_0.98Nb_0.02O₃ ferroelectric ceramics under shock wave load. Curr Appl Phys 2010; 10(6): 1387–1390.

32.

Lysne

Percival

. Electric energy generation by shock compression of ferroelectric ceramics: normal–mode response of PZT 95/5. J Appl Phys 1975; 46(4): 1519–1519.

33.

Lysne

. Dielectric properties of shock-wave-compressed PZT 95/5. J Appl Phys 1977; 48(3): 1020–1020.

34.

Jiang

. Phenomenological description of depoling current in Pb_0.99Nb_0.02(Zr_0.95Ti_0.05)_0.98O₃ ferroelectric ceramics under shock wave compression: relaxation model. J Appl Phys 2012; 111(10): 104102–104102.

35.

Setchell

Tuttle

Voigt

. Effects of initial porosity on the shock response of normally poled PZT 95/5. AIP Conf Proc 2002; 620(1): 209–209.

36.

Lysne

. Resistivity of shock-wave-compressed PZT 95/5. J Appl Phys 1977; 48(11): 4565–4565.

37.

Setchell

. Recent progress in understanding the shock response of ferroelectric ceramics. AIP Conf Proc 2002; 620(1): 191–196.

38.

Clark

. Vibration control with state-switched piezoelectric materials. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 2000; 11(4): 263–271.

39.

Chasiotis

Lambros

. Dynamic failure of multi-layer MEMS at high loading rates: experiments and simulations Ft. Belvoir, VA: Final Report for the U.S. Army Research OfficeUniversity of IL, USA, Report no. 48421-EG.3, July 2008.

40.

Hao-Sen

Xia

Ya-Zhou

. Dynamic fracture toughness of piezoelectric ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2013; 96(7): 2036–2038.

41.

Wang

Liu

. Experimental research on dynamic mechanical properties of PZT ceramic under hydrostatic pressure. Mater Sci Eng, A 2011; 528(21): 6463–6468.

42.

Randall

Kim

Kucera

. Intrinsic and extrinsic size effects in fine-grained morphotropic phase boundary lead zirconate titanate ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 1998; 81(3): 677–688.

43.

Dong

Zhou

. Rate dependence of domain switching in PZT under static and dynamic compressive loading. J Phys IV France 2006; 134: 989–994.

44.

Shkuratov

Baird

Antipov

. Depolarization mechanisms of PbZr_0.52Ti_0.48O₃ and PbZr_0.95Ti_0.05O₃ poled ferroelectrics under high strain rate loading. Appl Phys Lett 2014; 104(21): 212901–212901.

45.

Bourim

Tanaka

Gabbay

. Domain wall motion effect on the anelastic behavior in lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics. J Appl Phys 2002; 91(10): 6662–6662.

46.

Zhang

Zhao

Uchino

. Change of the weak-field properties of Pb(ZrTi)O₃ piezoceramics with compressive uniaxial stresses and its links to the effect of dopants on the stability of the polarizations in the materials. J Mater Res 2011; 12(01): 226–234.

47.

Guo

Cross

Noheda

. Origin of the high piezoelectric response in PbZr_1-xTi_xO₃. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 84(1): 5423–5426.

48.

Valadez Perez JC. Characterization and modeling of ferroelectric materials for high pressure, high temperature applications. PhD Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, 2012.

49.

Fritz

. Uniaxial-stress effects in a 95/5 lead zirconate titanate ceramic. J Appl Phys 1978; 49(9): 4922–4928.

50.

Dick

Vorthman

. Effect of electrical state on mechanical and electrical response of a ferroelectric ceramic PZT 95/5 to impact loading. J Appl Phys 1978; 49(4): 2494–2494.

51.

Jiang

Zhang

Feng

. Electric response of Pb_0.99[(Zr_0.90Sn_0.10)_0.968Ti_0.032]_0.98Nb_0.02O₃ ceramics to the shock-wave-induced ferroelectric-to-antiferroelectric phase transition. Mater Sci Eng, B 2012; 177(2): 210–216.

52.

Jiang

. Self-generated electric field suppressing the ferroelectric to antiferroelectric phase transition in ferroelectric ceramics under shock wave compression. J Appl Phys 2012; 111(2): 024103–024103.

53.

Staehler

Predebon

Pletka

. Testing of high-strength ceramics with the split Hopkinson pressure bar. J Am Ceram Soc 1993; 76(2): 536–538.

54.

Chen

Luo

. Dynamic compressive responses of intact and damaged ceramics from a single split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment. Exp Mech 2004; 44(3): 295–299.

55.

McCauley JW and Quinn GD. Special workshop: Kolsky/split Hopkinson pressure bar testing of ceramics. Report, Army Research Labs., Aberdeen Proving Ground MD. Report no. ARL-SR-144, September 2006.