Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2015-5
Rice husk flour biocomposites based on recycled high-density polyethylene/polyethylene terephthalate blend: effect of high filler loading on physical,mechanical and thermal properties
Biocomposites of recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE)/recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) matrices with a high loading of rice husk flour (RHF) were fabricated through a two-step extrusion. The use of ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate (E-GMA) copolymer improved the compatibility of the immiscible rHDPE/rPET blend. Maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE) was used as a coupling agent to increase the adhesion of the fibre–matrix interface. In this study, the effect of natural fibre loadings on rHDPE/rPET blends was examined. The water absorption process in the RHF-filled composites followed the kinetics and mechanisms of Fickian diffusion. Compared with samples without RHF, the rHDPE/rPET/RHF system had 58–172% higher tensile modulus and 80–305% flexural modulus. The thermal stability of the composites slightly increased with the addition of the RHF filler. The storage modulus of biocomposites was greatly enhanced by RHF. From these results, we can conclude that RHF can work well with rHDPE/rPET for manufacturing high loading biocomposite products.
ArbelaizAFernándezBRamosJA. Mechanical properties of short flax fibre bundle/polypropylene composites: influence of matrix/fibre modification, fibre content, water uptake and recycling. Compos Sci Technol2005; 65: 1582–1592.
2.
ScidaDAssararMPoilâneC. Influence of hygrothermal ageing on the damage mechanisms of flax-fibre reinforced epoxy composite. Compos Part B2013; 48: 51–58.
3.
RobertsonN-LMNychkaJAAlemaskinK. Mechanical performance and moisture absorption of various natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. J Appl Polym Sci2013; 130: 969–980.
4.
FávaroSLLopesMSDe Carvalho NetoAGV. Chemical, morphological, and mechanical analysis of rice husk.post-consumer polyethylene composites. Compos Part A2010; 41: 154–160.
5.
AraújoJRWaldmanWRDe PaoliMA. Thermal properties of high density polyethylene composites with natural fibres: coupling agent effect. Polym Degrad Stabil2008; 93: 1770–1775.
6.
YaoFWuQLeiY. Rice straw fiber-reinforced high-density polyethylene composite: effect of fiber type and loading. Ind Crops Prod2008; 28: 63–72.
7.
KimH-SLeeB-JChoiS-W. The effect of types of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on the interfacial adhesion properties of bio-flour-filled polypropylene composites. Compos Part A2007; 38: 1473–1482.
8.
IsaKMDaudSHamidinN. Thermogravimetric analysis and the optimisation of bio-oil yield from fixed-bed pyrolysis of rice husk using response surface methodology (RSM). Ind Crops Prod2011; 33: 481–487.
9.
JohnsonACYunusNB. Particleboards from rice husk: a brief introduction to renewable materials of construction. Jurutera2009; 3: 12–15.
10.
KhalfAIWardAA. Use of rice husks as potential filler in styrene butadiene rubber/linear low density polyethylene blends in the presence of maleic anhydride. Mater Des2010; 31: 2412–2421.
11.
FangHZhangYDengJ. Effect of fiber treatment on the water absorption and mechanical properties of hemp fiber/polyethylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci2013; 127: 942–949.
12.
IslamMNRahmanMRHaqueMM. Physico-mechanical properties of chemically treated coir reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Part A2010; 41: 192–198.
13.
NajafiAKhademi-EslamH. Lignocellulosic filler/recycled HDPE composites: effect of filler type on physical and flexural properties. BioResources2011; 6: 2411–2424.
14.
LeiYWuQ. Wood plastic composites based on microfibrillar blends of high density polyethylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate). Bioresour Technol2010; 101: 3665–3671.
15.
AshoriASheshmaniS. Hybrid composites made from recycled materials: moisture absorption and thickness swelling behavior. Bioresour Technol2010; 101: 4717–4720.
16.
AdhikaryKBPangSStaigerMP. Long-term absorption and thickness swelling behaviour of recycled thermoplastics reinforced with Pinus radiata sawdust. Chem Eng J2008; 142: 190–198.
17.
JarukumjornKChareunkvunS. Compatibilization of recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) blends. Suranaree J Sci Technol2007; 14: 1–8.
18.
WangWSainMCooperPA. Study of moisture absorption in natural fiber plastic composites. Compos Sci Technol2006; 66: 379–386.
19.
YangH-SWolcottMPKimH-S. Effect of different compatibilizing agents on the mechanical properties of lignocellulosic material polyethylene bio-composites. Compos Struct2007; 79: 369–375.
20.
YangH-SKimH-JParkH-J. Effect of compatibilizing agents on rice-husk flour reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Struct2007; 77: 45–55.
21.
JohnMJThomasS. Biofibres and biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym2008; 71: 343–364.
22.
TarmudiZAbdullahMLTapAO. A review of municipal waste management in Malaysia. J Teknologi2012; 57: 41–56.
23.
DekaBKMajiTK. Effect of silica nanopowder on the properties of wood flour/polymer composite. Polym Eng Sci2012; 52: 1516–1523.
24.
LeiYWuQZhangQ. Morphology and properties of microfibrillar composites based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) and high density polyethylene. Compos Part A2009; 40: 904–912.
25.
ThemelisNJ. Current state and potential for increasing plastics recycling in the U.S. Columbia University, 2010. 2010.
YangH-SKimH-JParkH-J. Water absorption behavior and mechanical properties of lignocellulosic filler–polyolefin bio-composites. Compos Struct2006; 72: 429–437.
28.
KimH-SKimSKimH-J. Thermal properties of bio-flour-filled polyolefin composites with different compatibilizing agent type and content. Thermochim Acta2006; 451: 181–188.
29.
Abdul KhalilHPSNurul FazitaMRJawaidM. Empty fruit bunches as a reinforcement in laminated bio-composites. J Compos Mater2011; 45: 219–236.
30.
AkilHMChengLWIshakZAM. Water absorption study on pultruded jute fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Compos Sci Technol2009; 69: 1942–1948.
31.
ZamriMHAkilHMBakarAA. Effect of water absorption on pultruded jute/glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites. J Compos Mater2011; 46: 51–61.
32.
OsmanEAVakhgueltA. Kenaf/recycled jute natural fibers unsaturated polyester composites: water absorption/ dimensional stability and mechanical properties. Int J Comput Mater Sci Eng2012; 1: 1–17.
33.
PanthapulakkalSSainM. Studies on the water absorption properties of short hemp-glass fiber hybrid polypropylene composites. J Compos Mater2007; 41: 1871–1883.
34.
GuptaKMPawarSJ. A nonlinear diffusion model incorporating edge and surface texture effects to predict absorption behaviour of composites. Mater Sci Eng A2005; 412: 78–82.
35.
ShinojSPanigrahiSVisvanathanR. Water absorption pattern and dimensional stability of oil palm fiber-linear low density polyethylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci2010; 117: 1064–1075.
36.
GuRKoktaBVMichalkovaD. Characteristics of wood-plastic composites reinforced with organo-nanoclays. J Reinf Plast Compos2010; 29: 3566–3586.
37.
El-ShekeilYASapuanSMAbdanK. Influence of fiber content on the mechanical and thermal properties of kenaf fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites. Mater Des2012; 40: 299–303.
BalasuriyaPWYeLMaiY-W. Mechanical properties of wood flake-polyethylene composites. part I: effects of processing methods and matrix melt flow behaviour. Compos Part A2001; 32: 619–629.
44.
PremalalHGBIsmailHBaharinA. Comparison of the mechanical properties of rice husk powder filled polypropylene composites with talc filled polypropylene composites. Polym Test2002; 21: 833–839.
45.
YangH-SGardnerDJNaderJW. Characteristic impact resistance model analysis of cellulose nanofibril-filled polypropylene composites. Compos Part A2011; 42: 2028–2035.
AdhikaryKBPangSStaigerMP. Dimensional stability and mechanical behaviour of wood–plastic composites based on recycled and virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Compos Part B2008; 39: 807–815.
LuNOzaS. Thermal stability and thermo-mechanical properties of hemp-high density polyethylene composites: effect of two different chemical modifications. Compos Part B2013; 44: 484–490.
54.
SeverKTavmanİHSekiY. Electrical and mechanical properties of expanded graphite/high density polyethylene nanocomposites. Compos Part B2013; 53: 226–233.
55.
HoushyarSShanksRAHodzicA. The effect of fiber concentration on mechanical and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci2005; 96: 2260–2272.
