A new composite constitutive failure model for woven glass fibre fabric reinforced with epoxy/polyester was developed, and implemented into an explicit dynamic non-linear finite element code for both the shell and solid element implementation. The approach uses a novel damage mechanics formulation to predict both matrix cracks and fibre fracture in the warp and weft directions with the woven fabric composite, subject to an impact or other dynamic event. Strain-rate effects are implicitly incorporated into the model using a damage lag methodology. Results are compared with laboratory composite beam and plate impact experiments. The comparisons indicate that the damage model can predict with reasonable accuracy the damage modes observed in the laboratory experiments. Conclusions are presented also on the logical extensions to the damage formulation necessary to improve both the accuracy and the scope of composite materials that may be analysed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Abrate, S. (1998). Impact on Composite Structures. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47389-6.
2.
2. Sierakowski, R.L. and Newaz, G.M. (1995). Damage Tolerance in Advanced Composites. Technomic Publishing Co. Inc. ISBN 1-56676-251-8.
3.
3. Davies, G.A.O., Zhang, X., Zhou, G. and Watson, S. (1994). Numerical modelling of impact damage. Composites, 25(5): 342–350.
4.
4. Garg, A.C. (1988). Delamination–a damage mode in composite structures. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 29(5): 557–584.
5.
5. Abrate, S. (1991). Impact on laminated composite materials. Appl. Mech. Rev., 44(4): 155–190.
6.
6. Ladeveze, P. (1992). A damage computational method for composite structures. Computer and Structures, 44(1/2): 79–87.
7.
7. Hoffman, O. (1987). The brittle strength of orthotropic materials. J. of Composite Materials, 1: 200-200.
8.
8. Tsai, S.W. and Wu, E. (1971). A general theory of strength for anisotropic materials. J. of Composite Materials, 5: 58-58.
9.
9. Chang, F.K. and Chang, K.Y. (1987). A progressive damage model for laminated composites containing stress concentrations. J. of Composite Materials, 21: 834–855.
10.
10. Hashin, Z. (1980). Failure criteria for unidirectional fibre composites. J. of Applied Mechanics, 47: 329-329.
11.
11. Nahas (1980). Survey of failure and post-failure theories of laminated fibre reinforced composites. J. of Composites Technology and Research, 8(4): 138–153.
12.
12. Hart-Smith, L.J. (1992). A strain-based maximum-shear-stress failure criterion for fibrous composite laminates. Douglas paper 8376; In: Proceeding of the 31st AIAA/ ASME/ ASCE/ AHS/ ASC Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. Long Beach, CA.April 2–4, CP902, 2: 714–722.
13.
13. Ochoa, O.O. and Engblom, J.J. (1987). Analysis of progressive failure in composites. Composites Science and Technology, 28(3): 87–102.
14.
14. Kachanov, L.M. (1958). Time of the rupture process under creep conditions. Izv Akad Nank S.S.R Otd Tech Nauk, 8: 26–31.
15.
15. Frantziskonis, G. (1988). Distributed damage in composites, theory and verification. Composite Structures, 165–184.
16.
16. Lemaitre, J. and Chaboche, J.L. (1990). Mechanics of Solid Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17.
17. Ladeve` ze, P., Allix, O., Douchin, B. and Leveque, D. (1998). A computational method for damaged intensity prediction in a laminated composite structure. In: Idelsohn, S., Onate, E. and Dovrkin, E. (eds.), Computational Mechanics, New Trends and Applications. Barcelona, Spain: CIMNE.
18.
18. Matzenmiller, A., Lubliner, J. and Taylor, R.L. (1995). A constitutive model for anisotropic damage in fiber-composites. Mechanics of Materials, 20(4): 125–152.
19.
19. Kennedy, T.C. and Nahan, M.F. (1996). A simple non-local damage model for predicting failure of notched laminates. Composite Structures, 35: 229–236.
20.
20. Allen, D.H. and Harris, C.E. (1987). A thermomechanical constitutive theory for elastic composites with distributed damage-part 1theoretical development. Int. J. Solids Structures, 23(9): 1301–1318.
21.
21. Seaman, L. (1989). Mathematical description of microdamage evolution. Internal state variable constitutive relations. Comett International Summer School on Dynamic Behavior of Materials for European Engineers and Scientists. Nantes.
22.
22. Rowlands, R.E. (1985). Strength (failure) theories and their experimental correlation. In: Sih, G.C. and Skudra, A.M. (eds.), Handbook of Composites Vol. 3–Failure Mechanics of Composites, Elseviers Science Publishers. pp. 71–125.
23.
23. Dechaene, R. and Degrieck, J. (1990). Use of the shadow-moire technique for the investigation of the impact behaviour of composite laminates, EUROMECH-269. Experimental Identification of the Mechanical Characteristics of Composite Materials and Structures. St. Etienne, France.
24.
24. Degrieck, J. (1991). Analysis of impact on a fibre reinforced plastic. PhD Thesis (in Dutch), University of Ghent.
25.
25. Tan, T.M. and Sun, C.T. (1985). Use of statical indentation laws in the impact analysis of laminated composite plates. Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 52: pp. 6–12.
26.
26. Iannucci, L. (1992). Bird strike on composite panels. DYNA3D User Conference.
27.
27. Hallquist, J.O. and Whirley, R.G. (1989). DYNA3D User’s manual, non-linear dynamic analysis in three dimensions. University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Report UC1D-19592, Rev. 5.
28.
28. Stillman, D.W. and Hallquist, J.O. (1985). INGRID: A three-dimensional mesh generator for modelling non-linear systems. University of California, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Report UC1D-20506.
29.
29. Spelce, T. and Hallquist, J.O. (1991). TAURUS: An interactive post-processor for the analysis codes NIKE3D, DYNA3D, TOPAZ3D and GEMINI. University of California, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory, Report UCRL-MA-105401.
