Abstract

This year I am delighted to announce the extension of the Journal of Commonwealth Literature’s bibliographic coverage to cultural production from and about Bangladesh and to welcome the co-authors of the country’s entry in our listings – Mafruha Mohua of Queen Mary, University of London, and Mahruba T. Mowtushi of the University of Liberal Arts, Bangladesh. In their inaugural Introduction, Mohua and Mowtushi map out the literary contours of Bangladesh, its historical trajectories of migration and displacement and the attempts at reparation and rehabilitation in the aftermath of the war of 1971, with attention to the positioning of women and linguistic minorities in relation to national narratives. They offer insightful readings of the silences surrounding Partition in Bangladeshi fiction’s symbolic deferrals and subplots and trace the development of Bangladeshi literature from elements of its Perso-Arabic heritage to its contemporary local and diasporic trajectories. The bibliographic listings reflect this scope, including works dating from the beginning of the 20th century that engage with this heritage to works published in the year under review. As Mohammad A. Quayum and Md. Mahmudul Hasan write in their editorial to Asiatic’s 2018 special issue on Bangladeshi writing in English, “this distinct literary tradition has not yet received the critical attention it deserves”, lagging “behind its Indian, Pakistani and Sri Lankan counterparts in the region, which have thus far claimed precedence in literary history books” (1). Mohua and Motushi’s contribution to JCL’s bibliographic record offers important, timely work towards rectifying this imbalance.
Another important change this year is the renaming of the Bibliographic issue’s article on creative and critical production in New Zealand to “Aotearoa New Zealand” in order to honour the country’s rich and varied cultural traditions, particularly Māori and Pākehā (New Zealand-European). “Aotearoa” has been the Māori term for New Zealand since the beginning of the 20th century, in an extension of its previous usage to refer to the North of its two main islands (Stachurski, 2009: xii). In reflecting on Aotearoa New Zealand literature, our contributors, Kirstine Moffat and Aimee-Jane Anderson-O’Connor, position themselves as “Pākehā women who aim to comment on relevant issues of gender, sexuality and ethnicity in a way that is respectful and that values multiplicity, but who are alert to our own limitations”. They join in author Tina Makereti’s call (2018) for a radical rethinking of Māori and New Zealand literary history, beyond the mere inclusion of Māori texts and authors in university syllabi to the incorporation of Māori ways of imagining literature as such. The new title is a nod to what Makereti describes as the task of the Māori writer in English: to engage with the “duality, contradiction, cultural fluidity and paradox” that the condition of speaking with “two mouths” entails – the two voices, Māori and Pākehā, that “emanate from the same source” (65; 59).
2018 studies from Australia and Canada, too, continue to attend to issues of material and cultural forms of appropriation and its impact on Indigenous storytelling in the present (see The Distribution of Settlement: Appropriation and Refusal in Australian Literature and Culture by Michael Griffiths and Why Indigenous Literatures Matter by Daniel Heath Justice). Anthologies such as Growing up Aboriginal in Australia, edited by Anita Heiss, and Indian Act: Residential School Plays, edited by Donna Michelle St. Bernard and Daniel David Moses, voice Indigenous childhood experiences and challenge settler-colonial policies, practices and narratives. Ambelin Kwaymullina explores Indigenous standpoint theory “as part of a larger continuing project by First Nations peoples to actualise Indigenous ways of being, knowing and doing both within and outside the academy” (2018: 140). As an author of speculative short stories for young adults, she discusses the genre’s potential “to challenge colonialism and imagine Indigenous futures” whilst drawing attention to the impact of problematic representations such as J. K. Rowling’s “stereotypical, poorly researched” portrayal of Indigenous cultures (149) in History of Magic in North America (2016).
Language and translation, also continuously prominent themes in our listings, are a focus in Grace Musila’s introduction to the East and Central African bibliography this year, with studies on Sheng, an urban youth variety of Kenyan Swahili (Githiora, 2018), on African youth languages (eds Hurst and Kanana Erastus, 2018) and on verbal and musical code-switching in Kenyan hip-hop (Mboya, 2018). The Journal of African Cultural Studies stages a conversation between author Ngugi wa Thiong’o (2018), critic Biodun Jeyifo (2018) and linguist John Mugane (2018) on the question “Is English an African Language?”. Michael Andindilile’s The Anglophone Literary-Linguistic Continuum: English and Indigenous Languages in African Literary Discourse (2018), also listed in the bibliography from South Africa, joins in this ongoing conversation about what Musila describes as “Africans’ unfinished business with English”. These studies offer nuanced, often mutually conflicting readings of the role of English in Africa and its evolving relationships with local languages and cultures – a story of possession and dispossession, power asymmetry, social ambition, nationalism, plurality and verticality, dialogue, creativity and resistance. While Māori writers speak, of necessity, “with two mouths” and Kenyan artists rap “with a forked tongue”, Singaporean literature in English is being written in what Koh Tai Ann dubs “first language, second tongue” in the Singapore Chronicles series’ 2018 volume providing an overview of the country’s otherwise fourfold literary output – in the official languages of Malay, Chinese, Tamil and English. Nasia Anam discusses the function of English as a third term in relation to Bangla and Urdu in Bangladeshi Anglophone literature, a function she describes as “ulterior to its legacy as a hegemonic colonial language”, voicing otherwise marginalised narratives and facilitating linguistic diversity (2018: 331–333). The bibliography from India this year renews its comprehensive listing of translations, discontinued in the 1980s, due to their sheer volume. Thanks are due to our contributors, Shyamala A. Narayan and Payal Nagpal, for their extensive work towards the greater visibility, for Anglophone readers, both of the great multitude of Indian languages and of the wide-ranging translation work being carried out from these languages.
Mobilities, networks and exchange and local-global interactions also stand out in the 2018 listings. Australianama: The South Asian Odyssey in Australia traces so far unexplored networks of exchange between South Asians and the Australian Aboriginal communities, using “the storytelling strategies and interpretive keys contained in non-English-language texts” (Khatun, 2018: 14). Culture and Circulation: Literature in Motion in Early Modern India posits circulation and exchange as “the norm rather than the exception in everything from the movement of literati to the dissemination of texts to the cross-pollination of poetic forms” in India’s “more than two dozen major literary traditions” (de Bruijn and Busch, 2014: 3). The study approaches texts as anomalous “hybrid”, “heteroglossic” or “syncretic” textual moments, rather than employing classificatory or insular historiographic methods of reading to reveal the diffusion and interlinking on which cultural creation was based (ibid., 4). Relations and Networks in South African Indian Writing examines the diverse and dynamic South African Indian literary tradition, framing it as a matter of “South–South subjectivities” within “the relations and networks paradigm that shapes the Indian Ocean world and its cosmopolitanisms” as well as urging for its re-conceptualisation “alongside the South African national identity struggle” (Hand and Pujolràs-Noguer, 2018: 9; 13). Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies’ special issue on Indian Ocean Trajectories also seeks to extend the “limited and predictable supercanon of Indian Ocean texts”. It offers interdisciplinary close readings of East African texts which demonstrate Africa’s historical encounter with the East as well as the West while resisting the romanticisation of such Indian Ocean relations by drawing attention to historical examples in these relations that involved enslavement and imperialism (Mwangi and Steiner, 2018: 161–162).
Attending to air travel – a trope explored much less than its nautical equivalent in Caribbean fiction – Janet Neigh (2018) traces colonial fantasies in aviation history and the creative avoidance of airports and aerial routes and perspectives in Anglophone Caribbean fiction, with stories of migration jumping from Trinidad to New York or characters leaving airport lounges during flight delays, for example. Writing by Earl Lovelace, Dionne Brand and Makeda Silvera, Neigh argues, attends to the “lived realities” (4) of airports and airplanes, disrupting hegemonic conceptions of the former as “symbols of globalization and futurity” (6) as well as the dominance of the Empire Windrush ship in the imagination of Caribbean departures and returns and in the critical formulations of the development of Caribbean literature.
A special issue of The Global South, “Caribbean Transmigration in the Twenty-First Century: Contemporary Reimaginings and Globalizing Conditions” considers Caribbean migration within the context of recent studies of translocality, attending to the impact of movements of people and capital on place-making involving local-local interactions, to challenge the narrative of globalisation which heralds the supposed irrelevance of place. Caribbean transmigrants, editors Gomes and Jokhan argue, “develop translocal relationships and shape transnational processes in the quest for individual, family, community, and national improvement” (2018: 10–11). Titles of similar scope include Crosstalk: Canadian and Global Imaginaries in Dialogue (Brydon and Dvorák, 2018), Transitive Cultures: Anglophone Literature of the Transpacific (Patterson, 2018) and Reshaping Glocal Dynamics of the Caribbean: Relations and Disconnections (Bandau, et al., 2018). In fiction, Lau Siew Mei’s novel The Last Immigrant (2018), to cite one prominent example, explores obstacles to mobility in the dilemmas of its protagonist, Ismael, a Singaporean migrant in Brisbane. His job at Australia’s immigration department involving decisions about granting or refusing asylum forces him to reflect on his own liminal positioning.
The traffic of cultural stereotypes travelling “back” to the countries and communities they purport to depict is exemplified in the Singaporean response to the 2018 release of the Hollywood blockbuster film based on Singaporean-American Kevin Kwan’s novel Crazy Rich Asians (2013). In his introduction, Ismail Talib reflects on commentaries highlighting the film and the novel’s favouring of Chinese characters and their obscuring of other ethnic groups. Reviewer Salil Tripathi (2018), for instance, argues that the narrative offers a Disneyfication of Asia and fails to acknowledge that the “fortunes of families like the [Singaporean Chinese] Youngs are built on the hard labour of migrant workers from Bangladesh and India, while their family nannies are from countries like the Philippines or Myanmar”.
Another set of notable themes this year involves nations and nationalisms, particularly the positioning of national narratives in relation to gender and war/violence, in the contexts of Sri Lanka, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, East and Central Africa and West Africa. Harshana Rambukwella’s The Politics and Poetics of Authenticity: The Cultural Genealogy of Sinhala Nationalism (2018) discusses the Sinhala concept of apekama – “loosely translating as ‘ourness’, or the idea that there are things that are authentically Sinhala and Buddhist” – and the ways in which this idea has been elevated to an institutionalised “national virtue of overarching unity” transmitted across generations through a variety of cultural forms, most notably, theatre and music (1–2). The study raises questions on the relationship between national/ist narratives and authenticity beyond the context of the Sinhala nationalist imagination, proposing, for instance, “multiple and contending authenticities” and seeking “a critical yet empathetic account of the life worlds of nationalists” as a way of improving our understanding of the phenomenon of nationalism (5). In their introduction to the Australian bibliographical listings in this issue, Van Ikin and Nathan Hobby note the centrality of the issue of Australian masculinity – as both an ideal and a corruption of an ideal – and its association with violence to many works of fiction this year, ranging from Rodney Hall’s novel, A Stolen Season (2018), exploring the effects of Australia’s involvement in the war in Afghanistan, to S.A. Jones’ speculative novel, The Fortress (2018), which imagines an all-female city-state civilization, where men guilty of misogyny or sexual violence are sent for a form of a Dantean contrapasso re-conditioning – an experience of the life of their victims. Nayanika Mookherjee’s The Spectral Wound: Sexual Violence, Public Memories, and the Bangladesh War of 1971 examines the history of rape, “absent from the metanarrative of the Bangladesh war” in testimonies, literary and visual representations and public accounts of 1971, beyond homogenous narratives of women’s victimhood; it juxtaposes “the public memory of the rape of women” to “the silence relating to the violation and rape of men” and raped women’s husbands’ “demasculinization” towards a theorisation of the relationship between nation, gender and sexuality (5–6). Katja Sarkowsky’s Narrating Citizenship and Belonging in Anglophone Canadian Literature examines a range of understandings, experiences and narratives of citizenship in this body of texts – not merely in its national but also in its urban, indigenous, diasporic and environmental varieties – as forms of political or cultural “co-authorship” (23) marked by continuous negotiations of participation and belonging in multiple collectives at once.
A number of publications this year explore African postcolonial nationalist imaginaries. Research in African Literatures’ special issue, Performances of Sovereignty in African Dictator-Fiction (49[3], 2018), introduced by Charlotte Baker, and Fictions of African Dictatorship: Cultural Representations of Postcolonial Power (2018), co-edited by Charlotte Baker and Hannah Grayson, attend to the ways in which fiction, film, photography, the documentary and the essay expose the violence of sovereignty in the African postcolony as embodied by the figure of the dictator or the “Big Man” (Nyangulu, 2018). These essays draw on Achille Mbembe’s concept of necropolitics to conceptualise sovereignty as “the power and the capacity to dictate who may live and who must die” (Mbembe 2003 cited in Baker, 2018: ix) and outlining some of the partial affinities of the African dictator-novel with its much better explored Latin American counterpart, including a preference for the self-conscious mode (ibid.), which parallels that of the dictator’s own construction of his absolute authority, involving performative self-fictionalisations (Baker and Grayson, 2018: 6). Stephen Muthoka Mutie’s “Self-mythologization in East African Political Writings: Kenyatta, Nyerere and Museveni” also reflects on self-authenticating fictions by examining East African nationalist leaders’ own writings, including Jomo Kenyatta’s self-fictionalisation as a Machiavellian “father of the Kenyan nation” (2018: 6). Miriam Pahl’s “Reframing the Nation-State: The Transgression and Redrawing of Borders in African Crime Fiction” demonstrates how contemporary African novels extend the scope of crime fiction by showing the ways in which “power and sovereignty circumvent the state”, replacing it, for instance in Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ’s Black Star Nairobi (2013), with “a patchwork of sovereignties in a global network” (2018: 99; 89).
Our 2018 listings evince a continuing creative and critical engagement with genre and genre fiction, specifically settler realism (Dalley, 2018); utopia (Mills, 2018); pulp fiction and spy fiction (Rahman, 2018); noir (Augart, 2018; Abani, 2018); fantasy (Yu, 2018); speculative fiction (Tidhar, 2018); the Gothic (Duncan, 2018); the medical thriller (Chellam, 2018) and detective fiction (Massey, 2018). The environment and animals also figure prominently, with explorations of the nuclear uncanny (Hurley, 2018); the Anthropocene (Major, 2018) or ecocritical time (Huebener, 2018) and of the Sri Lankan crow (Jayawardena, 2018) and elephants, dogs and crocodiles in South African literature (Wylie, 2018; Woodward, 2018; Ericson, 2018).
This year, rewritings and re-fictionalisations of canonical English authors and works are the focus of Gordon McMullan and Philip Mead’s edited volume Antipodal Shakespeare: Remembering and Forgetting in Britain, Australia and New Zealand, 1916–2016 and Louise Wolff’s Postcolonial Responses to Charles Dickens: Appropriating Dickens in Contemporary Australian and New Zealand Novels. Stan Rogal’s A Rogue’s Decameron offers ten stories modelled on Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales and Boccaccio’s Decameron, all set in Toronto; Mahesh Rao’s novel Polite Society reimagines Jane Austen’s Emma in contemporary Delhi and Caryl Phillips’ new novel, A View of the Empire at Sunset, offers a fictional account of Jean Rhys’s life in England and the Caribbean.
Further noteworthy 2018 critical works of extensive scope include Russell West-Pavlov’s Eastern African Literatures: Towards an Aesthetics of Proximity; Helga Ramsey-Kurz and Melissa Kennedy’s edited Uncommon Wealths in Postcolonial Fiction; Ana Rodríguez Navas’ Idle Talk, Deadly Talk: The Uses of Gossip in Caribbean Literature; Siobhan Lambert-Hurley’s Elusive Lives: Gender, Autobiography and the Self in Muslim South Asia; Peter Morey’s Islamophobia and the Novel and Olabode Ibironke’s Remapping African Literature.
