Abstract

Introduction: South Africa
2016 was an active year in publishing, with an impressive array of books in print. The role of small, independent publishers such as Modjaji, Botsotso and Junkets remains important, especially in the genres of poetry and drama. Self-publishing in poetry, but increasingly in fiction as well, is on the rise, with an increase in so-called “hybrid authors” who are published traditionally as well as self-publishing their works.
An encouraging feature is the large number of debuts with numerous new voices appearing in poetry, drama and fiction. A wide range of books were nominated for the main literary awards. Interestingly, J. M. Coetzee’s The Schooldays of Jesus which was nominated for the Man Booker Prize did not feature on any of the local award lists. The Sunday Times Award was won by Zakes Mda for his 2015 novel Little Suns, with The Printmaker by Bronwyn Law-Viljoen, Period Pain by Kopano Matlwa, The Woman Next Door by Yewande Omotoso and The Safest Place You Know by Mark Winkler shortlisted. Omotoso attracted international interest and acclaim and was nominated for the Baileys Women’s Prize for Fiction as well as for the UJ Prize, along with Pleasure by Nthikeng Mohlele and Sigh, the Beloved Country by Bongani Madondo. The UJ Debut Prize nominees include The Yearning by Mohale Mashigo, Loud and Yellow Laughter by Sindiswa Busuku-Mathese and Tjieng Tjang Tjerries & Other Stories by Jolyn Phillips. It is interesting to see poetry (Busuku-Mathese) and short stories (Madondo and Phillips) appearing on the award list. The UJ Prizes have not been awarded at the time of writing.
The MER Prize for Youth Literature was won by Edyth Bulbring for Snitch, with Elevation by Helen Brain and There Should Have Been Five by M. J. Honikman shortlisted. Suzanne van Rooyen’s Scardust, combining science fiction with gay romance, won the 2016 Rainbow Award for Gay Sci-Fi / Futuristic Literature. Speculative fiction dominates the youth literature. Elevation by Helen Brain appears to be standard post-apocalyptic fiction, albeit with a Cape Town setting; however, Brain brings in fantastic elements as the protagonist discovers she is the descendant of a goddess and must embark on a quest to restore a magic amulet. More conventional fantasy with little South African influence can be seen in Judged, the conclusion of Liz de Jager’s Blackhart trilogy, and Adrienne Woods’ dragon fantasy novels Starlight and Moonbeam. Joanne Macgregor’s Recoil trilogy is set in a dystopian near-future America where a virtual reality game is used to recruit teenagers and turn them into soldiers. As with much teenage dystopic fiction it is a trilogy, each book ending on a cliff-hanger, although, unusually, all three books, Recoil, Refuse and Rebel, appeared in one year.
Macgregor’s fourth novel Fault Lines is set in South Africa and portrays teenage environmental activists against the backdrop of fracking. Snitch by Edyth Bulbring depicts the struggles of a 13-year-old boy when he breaks the code of silence around steroid abuse in school rugby and becomes ostracized as a “snitch”. Bulbring has been praised for the poignancy and humour of her writing. Jayne Bauling has two novels, the start of a series revolving around a soccer club, Dianne Case’s The Rules and Sicelo Kula’s debut Taking Chances depict contemporary township life. In There Should Have Been Five M. J. Honikman uses historical fiction to tell the story of an unsung World War II hero.
Fundza is a programme which aims to encourage teenagers to read through published stories on a mobile phone network. The stories are also published in anthologies, with Big Ups the fourth in the series. The two volumes of It Takes Two! come from Fundza’s project of developing youth literature whereby well-known authors such as Elana Bregin, Sifiso Mzobe and Dianne Stewart are teamed with emerging writers to mentor them and develop stories which are linked in some way. Not only is this a worthwhile initiative, it has also produced strong anthologies.
Two annual short story competitions which publish the best entries have been doing much to promote short story writing. Die Laughing emerges from the Short. Sharp. Stories Award, which was won by Greg Lazarus, while Water contains the finalists for the Short Story Day Africa Award, which was won by Cat Hellisen. 2016 was a good year for short stories with impressive debuts from Nick Mulgrew, Collen Nxumalo and Jolyn Phillips, while novelists J. T. Lawrence and Niq Mhlongo turned to short fiction and Bongani Modondo’s multigeneric Sigh the Beloved Country contains essays and short stories. Literary awards are usually dominated by novels but both Madondo and Phillips were nominated for the UJ Prize (not awarded at time of writing). The iconic collection Mafeking Road by Herman Charles Bosman has been reissued. The stories first appeared in journals from 1930 to 1946. When the collection was published in 1947 the stories were edited and shortened, something Bosman always wished to correct. This edition, edited by Francois Griebenow, restores the stories to their original form.
There were many impressive novels, making it difficult to give them all adequate attention. Most noteworthy is the number of debut novels, with the following authors receiving critical acclaim: Heinrich Böhmke, Paul Crilley, David Cornwell, Bronwyn Law-Viljoen, Unathi Magubeni, Ishara Maharaj, Mohale Mashigo, Ameera Patel, Michelle Pretorius, Jen Thorpe, Sam Wilson and Nick Wood. Poets Dan Wylie and Mzi Mahola and sociologist Ashwin Desai turn to fiction while Dianne Awerbuck and Alex Latimer debut their collaborative nom de plume Frank Owen.
One of the most talked about books of the year is Yewande Omotoso’s second novel The Woman Next Door. The novel features two elderly women, one black and one white, who have been engaged in mutual enmity for years. When they are forced together, there is the opportunity for shared memories and a growing connection. By sharing the narrative voice between the two characters Omotoso gives the reader insight into each life, the grief and challenges that have made them who they are, and the secrets they keep. The novel has been highly praised, although some reviewers have struggled with the difficult characters.
Another significant book attracting conflicting reactions is J. M. Coetzee’s allegorical The Schooldays of Jesus. Set in a world where people’s names, memories and history have been erased and new identities assigned, the novel is a sequel to The Childhood of Jesus using the same characters. It has attracted mixed reviews, being called mesmerizing and mystifying. Duncan White of The Telegraph described it as “maddening, obscure – and brilliant”. That it will continue to intrigue and engage scholars is certain, evidenced by a recent call for papers for a special session of the 2018 MLA conference on the novel.
Another philosophical novel of ideas appears in Unathi Magubani’s Nwelezelanga, the Star Child which was longlisted for the Etisalat Prize for debut fiction. An albino child is cast away by her mother, rescued by a traditional healer, and becomes the focus of a struggle between good and evil spirits.
As with the youth fiction, speculative fiction is a dominant theme in 2016’s listings, especially among the debut novels. Nick Wood was nominated for the inaugural Nommo Award for African Science Fiction. His novel Azanian Bridges is set in an alternate South Africa where apartheid is still in force. When a white psychologist develops a device to allow people to share emotions and thoughts he sees it as a research tool, but it is soon sought after by the apartheid police as a tool for interrogation as well as by anti-apartheid activists who see it as a way to build bridges between the races. Sam Wilson’s Zodiac is set in an alternate world where astrology is taken very seriously and star signs determine status and class. Wilson blends the trends of crime and speculative fiction as he shows a detective and an astrologer working together to track a serial killer. Paul Crilley also blends crime with speculative fiction in Poison City, focusing on an investigator in the occult division of the South African police force. J. T. Lawrence’s Grey Magic has a contemporary witch suspected of murdering a client. Dan Wylie’s ecocritical novella The Wisdom of Adders is set in the Eastern Cape of South Africa in 2170. South by Frank Owen is set in an alternate America where the states were never united and a devastating civil war has left the south ravaged by windborne viruses. Sarah Lotz and Louis Greenberg, writing collaboratively as S. L. Grey, return with a chilling horror novel The Apartment.
Richard Mason incorporates magic realism and fable in his historical novel Who Killed Piet Barol? The novel is a sequel to The History of a Pleasure Seeker, with con artist Piet Barol now in Cape Town in 1914. While using the same character, the novel stands on its own and has been highly praised, with several reviews considering it stronger than the original. Child of the River by Irma Joubert is a coming-of-age novel set in the 1930s and 1940s. The impact of the Second World War and increasing racial tensions as apartheid took root are seen through the perspective of a poor white girl. Pleasure by Nthikeng Mohlele is set in contemporary Cape Town and, via an extended dream sequence, war-time Europe.
The Monster’s Daughter, the highly acclaimed debut by Michelle Pretorius, weaves together past and present in a mixed genre thriller which incorporates elements of historical fiction, science fiction, police procedural and social commentary. A policewoman investigating a murder in a small town uncovers dark histories stretching back to her father’s involvement in apartheid era crimes and experiments on prisoners in a Boer War concentration camp.
Sally Andrew’s 2015 debut novel Recipes for Love and Murder received the Nielsen Booksellers’ Choice Award. The Satanic Mechanic continues the adventures of recipe writer and amateur detective Tannie Maria in a cosy mystery set in the Karoo. Mike Nicol, Karin Brynard and Charlotte Otter also have crime novels featuring recurring characters. Irna van Zyl enters the world of crime fiction with her debut Dead in the Water. François Bloemhof’s thriller Double Echo is his 24th novel for adults, but the first to be translated into English. Gillian Slovo’s 10 Days is a thriller about the 2011 riots in England. Wilbur Smith’s thriller Predator is co-written with Tom Cain, an arrangement that has met with mixed reaction. Smith also continues his ancient Egypt saga in Pharaoh, the sixth book in the series.
Pamela Power’s second novel Things Unseen is a psychological thriller set in Johannesburg which also tackles issues of abuse, suppressed memories and family secrets. Ameera Patel’s debut Outside the Lines is another Johannesburg novel which merges thriller with family drama. The book examines the lives of five characters and the impact when one of them, a troubled young woman, disappears. Interestingly, both Patel and Power are scriptwriters.
Sexual violence and abuse is addressed in several books. Ishara Maharaj’s debut novel, Namaste Life, explores the impact of a rape on a pair of Hindu twins who leave their home in Durban to study in Grahamstown. Maharaj depicts tragedy and recovery as well as the clash between contemporary life and religious belief. Kopano Matlwa’s Period Pain is hard-hitting and heartbreaking with its depiction of rape, xenophobia and a dysfunctional healthcare system. Matlwa also brings in aspects of religion as the main character, a young doctor, struggles to maintain her Christian faith in the face of unrelenting bleakness. Nape ‘a Motana’s Hamba Sugar Daddy is a cautionary tale about a schoolgirl who is pressured to enter into a relationship with an older man to escape financial difficulties.
David Cornwell’s gritty debut Like It Matters shows a man trapped in a cycle of drugs, alcohol and crime but trying to find some meaning in his life. In Miranda Sherry’s second novel Bone Meal for Roses a young girl is rescued from an abusive, drug-addicted mother. She makes a new life with her grandparents, but the shadows of her past trauma continue to haunt her. Ekow Duker’s The God Who Made Mistakes explores issues of identity, family relationships and hidden secrets. Mohale Mashigo’s debut The Yearning was shortlisted for the Etisalat Prize and depicts a young woman whose past starts spilling into her present. Mark Winkler’s The Safest Place You Know is a moving account of recovery from the past with two very different characters carrying damage from their abusive fathers.
A more positive father-child relationship is depicted in Karen Jennings’ Travels with My Father which blurs memoir and fiction in a moving autobiographical novel tracing a daughter’s attempts to deal with the death of her father. Poet Mzi Mahola’s debut novel Dancing with Hyenas is also a fictionalized autobiography. Bronwyn Law-Viljoen’s debut The Printmaker reflects on friendship, art and one man’s obsessive need to make meaning through images. When a reclusive printmaker dies, his friend inherits the thousands of etchings and drawings he has stored in his house over the years and calls in a curator to make sense of the collection. Interlinked lives also feature in Heinrich Böhmke’s debut Sarie.
While much of the literature was dark, some books bring humour to the fore, most notably Paige Nick’s Dutch Courage, Hagen Engler’s The Maid’s Room and Jen Thorpe’s debut The Peculiars.
Sindiswa Busuku-Mathese has received high praise for her debut poetry collection Loud and Yellow Laughter, which is one of several impressive collections to emerge from creative writing master’s courses, including How to Open the Door by Marike Beyers, Flowers of a Broken Smile by Maakomela Manaka and Questions for the Sea, a debut from Stephen Symons. Other noteworthy debuts are Unlikely by Colleen Crawford Cousins and Modern Rasputin by Rosa Lyster.
New collections of note include Dark Hole of the Moon by Charl Cilliers, Bearings by Isobel Dixon, Harp Song for Hiroshima by Sheila Fugard, The Colours of Our Flag by Allan Kolski Horwitz, The Land Is My Witness by Maishe Maponya and Poems Packed for Travel by Brian Walter. Mxolisi Nyezwa’s Songs from the Earth is a limited edition containing poems written during an artists and writers residency at the Caversham Centre, with linocut illustrations by Vusi Zwane and Simphiwe Cebekhulu. Helen Moffett’s second collection Prunings gives an insight into the poetic process by including drafts, edits and alternative titles for some poems.
Several volumes appeared which bring together the collected works of a poet. Strandloop by Norman Morrissey contains selections from his many publications as well as poems which appeared in journals and anthologies over several decades. Isabella Motadinyane died in 2003 and in 2009 her collected poems were published as Bella, accompanied by illustrations. Robert Berold of Deep South Publishers felt that the illustrations detracted from the poems and has reissued the collection as Complete Poems, with translations of the Sesotho poems by Lesego Rampolokeng. South African History Online has initiated a project to research the arts under apartheid. One output of this is a series of books highlighting the contributions of poets and cultural workers in the 1980s, including the collected works of two prominent poets of the period: Mafika Gwala, who died in 2014, and Alfred Temba Qabula, who died in 2002. The collections are edited by Ari Sitas, who also produced a collection of critical essays. John Solilo’s book Izala, which appeared in 1925, is believed to be the first collection of isiXhosa poems. The poems from this collection, along with others which appeared in newspapers between 1922 and 1935, have been translated into English by Jeff Opland and Peter Mtuze and published as Umoya Wembongi: Collected Poems, thereby restoring an early poet to literary consciousness. The poems appear in both English and isiXhosa.
New poetic voices can be found in The Sol Plaatje European Union Poetry Anthology, bringing together the best of the submissions to the annual competition, which was won by Athol Williams for the second year in a row. Williams, a poet, children’s author and literacy campaigner, has published his autobiography Pushing Boulders, one of several authors to produce memoirs, along with Luke Alfred, Andrew Brown, John Conyngham, Philippa Kabali-Kagwa and Andile M-Afrika. Other noteworthy memoirs came from journalists Bridget Hilton-Barber, Allister Sparks and Marianne Thamm, historian Hermann Giliomee, and comedian and social commentator Trevor Noah. Noah gained international attention when he took over as host of The Daily Show on American TV. His memoir of growing up in South Africa as a mixed-race child won two NAACP Image Awards for best debut and best biography/autobiography.
The drama is particularly strong, with a substantial number of well-known plays in print. Junkets, who have published the bulk of the plays in past years, celebrated ten years of publishing by bringing many new voices into print, including award-winning plays by Joanna Evans, Menzi Mkhwane, Paul Noko, Bongani Pontsana, Philip Rademeyer and Kline Smith.
Wits University Press published Tin Bucket Drum, the award-winning play that brought Neil Coppen to prominence, a substantial collection of Craig Higginson’s plays, and Harry Kalmer’s The Bram Fischer Waltz, about anti-apartheid activist Bram Fischer.
In most cases plays are only published some years after performance, once they have established themselves. However, Mongiwekhaya’s debut play I See You was published to coincide with the first performance in London.
Robert Kavanagh’s Selected Plays brings together three workshopped plays from Workshop 71, an experimental theatre company who pioneered unsegregated theatre and collaborative work between director and cast. Crossroads, uHlanga – The Reed and Survival were performed in the 1970s. Magnet Theatre is another influential theatre company. Anton Krueger and Megan Lewis explore their work in the scholarly text Magnet Theatre: Three Decades of Making Space. The Market Theatre celebrates its 40th anniversary with a glossy publication containing short pieces on its history, including interviews with notable playwrights and directors associated with the theatre.
2016 was the centenary year of the publication of Sol Plaatje’s Native Life in South Africa, written to protest the implementation of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Sol Plaatje’s Native Life in South Africa: Past and Present brings together a collection of critical articles on this seminal work. Early South African authors continue to be a focus of criticism, with articles on Olive Schreiner, Harriet Ward, William Charles Scully and Rudyard Kipling, as well as a book on Francis Brett Young
J. M. Coetzee once again dominates Individual Studies, with more than two pages of articles listed. The scholarly journals Textual Practice and Texas Studies in Literature and Language devoted special issues to his work and two monographs, In the Middle of Nowhere: J.M. Coetzee in South Africa by Jonathan Crewe and The Slow Philosophy of J.M. Coetzee by Jan Wilm appeared. Lauren Beukes, Imraan Coovadia, Nadine Gordimer, Zakes Mda and Zoë Wicomb each have several articles critiquing their work. Michael Chapman published a collection of his interviews with poet Douglas Livingstone, Green in Black-and-White Times. Poetry is often neglected, so it is pleasing to see studies on a range of poets such as Jeremy Cronin, Antjie Krog, Rustum Kozain, Don Maclennan, Mxolizi Nyezwa and Lesego Rampolokeng.
A number of excellent works of criticism appeared in
Daniel P. Kunene, whose memoir Kero Court Chronicles appeared in 2015, died in 2016. He was best known as a poet, although he had also produced some fiction. Allister Sparks, veteran journalist and writer, critic and historian Tim Couzens, and Afrikaans novelist Winnie Rust also died.
The South African government awarded the Order of Ikhamanga to poet Benedict Wallet Vilakazi (posthumously) and novelist and children’s author Marguerite Poland for their contributions to the field of literature. The English Academy Gold Medal was awarded to Sindiwe Magona, for her distinguished service to English language and literature over a lifetime.
Footnotes
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements and thanks are due to my colleagues at NELM, especially to Lynne Grant, Debbie Landman and the librarians.
