Pakistan

Abstract

Introduction

2016 marked the birth centenary of Syed Sibte Hasan (2016–1986), a pivotal figure in the Progressive Writers Association, Marxist, activist, and celebrated bilingual writer of non-fiction, including The Battle of Ideas in Pakistan (1986). The year saw new novels by Maha Khan Phillips and Tariq Mehmood, debut novels by Ali Eteraz, S. S. Mausoof and Sami Shah among others, thought provoking, topical dramas by Ayad Akhtar, Aamina Ahmed, and Usman Ali, and skilled poetry collections by Anis Shivani and Raza Ali Hasan. There were important translations into English of Mohammed Khalid Akhtar and a very fine collection of Intizar Hussain’s fiction and non-fiction. Life-writing continued to hold its own, with the autobiographies of Jamsheed Marker and Muhammed Ali Siddiqi, a collection of Zia Mohyeddin’s memoir essays, and Ali Madeeh Hashmi’s biography of Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Academic studies included Mushtaq Bilal’s interview of Pakistani English novelists, Madeline Clements’s exploration of the post-9/11 fiction by four South Asian Muslims. Hussein Fancy looks at history and the Christian kingdom of Aragon in medieval Spain and the relationship between the Crown and its Muslim soldiers; The Journal of Postcolonial Writing’s Special Issue “al-Andalus”, guest-edited by me, includes criticism and creative work; the Equator Line’s Special Issue on Pakistan, guest-edited by Taha Kehar, explores contemporary art, culture, literature, politics, and policies.

In Pakistan, M. Athar Tahir received the Patras Bokhari Award for his poetry collection, The Last Tea. Bapsi Sidhwa and Zulfikar Ghose were given a Lifetime Achievement Award by the International Centre for Creative Writing in English; the centre’s Taufiq Rafat Drama prize was won by Usman Ali. Aroosa Kanwal’s critical study Rethinking Identities in Contemporary Pakistani Fiction: Beyond 9/11 won the Karachi Literature Festival (KLF)-Coca Cola prize for non-fiction; Muhammed Amir Rana’s The Militant won the KLF-German Peace Prize; Aamer Hussein’s 37 Bridges and Other Stories won the KLF-Embassy of France fiction prize. The Commonwealth Writers regional shortlist for short stories included Sophia Khan’s “Aabirah” and Munib A. Khan’s “Khurram Valley”, and Amina Ahmed’s “July Sun” received the Missouri Review’s Peden Prize. In Britain, novelist Qaisra Shahraz received National Diversity Award for her work in education, literature, women’s rights and inter-faith dialogue.

2016 saw an increasing number of Pakistani English thrillers. The riveting The Curse of Mohenjodaro by Maha Khan Phillips employs a seamless blend of past and present, reality and fantasy, to tell of two half-sisters, the Pakistani American Nadia and the Pakistani British Layla. During an excavation in Mohenjodaro, Layla, a student archaeologist, discovers an ancient and unusual casket. Strange events follow. Layla’s fellow archaeologists die. Layla disappears. The authorities suspect her of killing her colleagues. Nadia sets out to find her sister and exonerate her – a journey which takes Nadia from Santa Monica to London and Mohenjodaro and places her in grave danger. The mystery deepens because Layla and Nadia are descendants of Jaya, a Goddess-Priestess in Mohenjodaro (Mehluhha as it was known by the Sumerians) in the fourth century BC. Layla and Nadia’s narrative alternates with that of Jaya in Mehluhha, which is recreated in rich, dream-like episodes vividly re-imagining that ancient civilization and its class-structures. In a clever twist, the tale of Layla, Nadiya and Jaya provides a hypothetical answer to those historical questions of how and why Mohenjodaro was destroyed.

Tariq Mehmood continues to chronicle the lives of working-class British Asians in Song of Gulzarina, an “intelligent thriller” and a “textured” novel (Chambers, Huffington Post) on violence, whether state sponsored terror or that of extremists; it moves between industrialized Britain and rural Pakistan over several decades. The film-maker S. S. Mausoof’s fiction debut The Warehouse employs a somewhat simplistic “macho” voice to tell of a Karachi-based insurance agent inadvertently caught up with jihadis and intelligence agents in Waziristan.

Ali Eteraz, memoir and story author, has made his debut as a novelist with Native Believer which uses humour, albeit self-consciously at times, to explore what it means to be Muslim and American in the United States, post-9/11. He employs a sense of the absurd to query social perceptions of gender, identity, belonging, and nationhood. The narrator named “M.”, a second-generation Pakistani American and his wife, Mary Anne, daughter of white right-wing American parents, are avowedly non-believers. M.’s successful career in public relations is arbitrarily terminated after his boss discovers his Muslim antecedents. In contrast, Mary Anne’s career with a security firm flourishes and takes her to the Middle East, where she also advocates the use of drones. To help the unemployed M., however, she tells her Middle Eastern associates of his Muslim origin. His skills in public relations are soon put to use by his new oriental clients for bizarre projects aimed at making Muslims more accessible to Americans.

Sami Shah’s memoir described his migration to Australia. His innovative fiction debut, Fire Boy, reclaims his native Karachi and employs stunning imagery to create a city where supernatural beings – jinn and witches – co-exist with humans. Shah plays on the (pre-)Islamic belief in jinn and also draws on the legend of Solomon’s ring. The narrator, Wahid, an abandoned baby, is adopted by a childless couple. He realizes he can see jinn which other humans cannot. He can overpower jinn too, but, during an attack on his car, his friend Asif is killed and Maheen, the girl Wahid loves, is left in a coma. Wahid is sought for drunk driving by Maheen’s powerful relative. He hides in an isolated beach hut. There, his supernatural encounters reveal he is half-jinn, half-human. His desire to learn more about jinn takes him across Karachi, to shrines and a beggar boy, the King of Karachi. The sequel, Earth Boy, appears next year. Sarvat Hasin’s first novel The Wide Night draws on Louisa Alcott’s Little Women to recreate a matriarchal Pakistani family in Karachi. Hasin is a gifted story teller but her use of 1971 war as a background reveals a woefully limited knowledge of that conflict, history, time, and age.

Poetry remains central to Pakistani English literature. Anis Shivani, fiction writer, critic, and poet, engages with different cultures, languages and the imagery of literature, legend art, and film in all his poetry collections. His third poetry volume Whatever Speaks on Behalf of Hashish (2015) includes poems such as “Averroes”, “E.M. Forster in Alexandria” and “The Beats” while the complaint of the Lover to his Beloved in the 15-part “Sonnets to X”, symbolizes the relationship of the colonizer and the colonized. Shivani’s fourth collection, Soraya: Sonnets attains a greater poetic resonance and complexity and is a richly textured, ambitious work, which Shivani perceived as “an experiment in the baroque possibilities of language” (Shivani, Mudlark Poster 111, 2013). Here the Beloved is used to create multi-layered resonances, symbolizing the political and personal; it also embodies the poet’s love of language. Shivani plays on the name “Soraya” (which is common to Urdu, Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew) and creates clever verbal constructs where sound and rhythm draw on myriad cultures and languages.

Raza Ali Hasan’s third poetry collection (after Grieving Shias [2006] and 67 Mogul Miniatures [2008]), the lyrical Sorrows of the Warrior Class, interweaves politics, art, and literature and is permeated with symbolic references from the Persian poet Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh to comment on power, conflict, and imperial misdeeds. Hasan’s poems’ criticism of Empire focuses on the United States in contemporary times, but he also writes of their Saudi allies and captures images of the British Raj and, further back, of Alexander the Great, and the rulers of Ancient Persia. He celebrates the egalitarian ideas of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and equates his overthrow with those of Arbenz, Allende, Soekarno, and Musaddiq. He writes of fratricide and patricide; Sohrab and Rustam; Faridun and Iraj; Shahjahan, Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb. He describes watching films such as Ben Hur in Karachi and refers to Kipling’s Great Game. His poems move to Guatemala and Indonesia, the wars between India and Pakistan, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the future dangers of nuclear conflict. Ejaz Rahim’s With a Pinch of Levity focuses on aspects of life in Pakistan, from cricket to politics. Toledo to Toledo begins with “On reading Javed Amir’s Thought Never Dies”, a sequence celebrating Rahim’s friendship with the Washington-based Amir and contemplating themes of life, art, and exile in Amir’s essay collection. Other poems include the 38-page “Let the Andalusian Rivers Speak”, on the rise and fall of Muslim Spain, witnessed by the rivers Tagus, Guadalquivir, and Shenil.

All leading 2016 dramas focused on global politics, radicalization, and lawlessness in Pakistan. Usman Ali’s The Odyssey recreates Odysseus as a senior Pakistani army officer. He has been away for two years fighting militants. His wife Penelope has been left at home with Telemachus, their surly, demanding, and pious son. The growing hostility between father and son and the development of Telemachus into a would-be suicide bomber makes a telling comment on Pakistan’s social iniquity and the confused domestic and foreign policies, though the play would have benefitted from greater attention to detail and characterization. Aamina Ahmad’s compelling play The Dishonoured takes a complex and nuanced look at Pakistan’s engagement in geopolitics and the murky world of intelligence agencies: duplicity and its toll on individual lives is central to the plot. Colonel Tariq, a war hero, has led a brilliant military campaign, which led to the death of a militant, Mullah Hamid. Tariq secretly accepts a job with the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) against the wishes of his equally duplicitous wife, Farah, an artist. Soon it transpires that Tariq thinks the Mullah is still alive. He questions Shaida, an aspiring young poet working in a brothel, about her association with the Mullah. But Shaida is murdered. Her killer, an American CIA agent, is identified by her sister, Gulzar. He is taken into police custody. The Americans want him released. Tariq, Farah, and Gulzar are both ensnared in the American and Pakistani wrangling; machinations and blackmail follow. Ahmad gives the term “the war on terror” an ironic twist through its portrayals of the poor and helpless, such as Shaida and Gulzar, who are denied justice and terrorized by the state and the powerful instead.

Ayad Akhtar, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Disgraced, has brought out another exceptional and award-winning play The Invisible Hand. Built up of 17 scenes and set in Pakistan at some future date, the play provides a fascinating interplay between jailer and inmate. The prisoner, Nick Bright, is a kidnapped American banker employed by a multinational company in Pakistan. His guards, Dar, a poor farmer, and Bashir, a well-educated British Asian, are followers of Imam Salim, a man they perceive as a great visionary, a Robin Hood, waging against the inequality of nations and Pakistan’s endemic poverty. Nick’s ransom is $10 million, which he cannot possibly pay. Instead he uses his skills to help his kidnappers make vast sums of money. He tells them when to buy and sell and takes advantage of “inside knowledge”, such as a terrorist attack on a government Minster which will impact currency and stock exchange rates. Akhtar turns these intense, passionate money-related speculations into a microcosm of the world of finance and the manipulation of the money markets. He comments too on the history of currency, the influence of the dollar, the corrosive power of money, and also builds in a tale of corrupt Pakistani politicians, American drones, and Osama bin Laden.

The year saw some notable translations. Love in Chakiwara and Other Misadventures by Mohammed Khalid Akhtar is a skilled translation by Bilal Tanweer of Akhtar’s witty and elegant 1964 novel Chakiwara Mein Visaal. Consisting of four interconnected stories, set in Chakiwara, an area in Karachi’s overcrowded Lyari district, these carefully structured, deceptively rambling tales, are filled with cross-cultural literary references and a myriad of memorable characters and reveal a great sense of the absurd. The hilarious 88-page title story, narrated by Iqbal Hussain Changezi, tells of his friend Qurban Ali Kattar, a popular writer of Urdu detective fiction, including the “balcony romance” between Kattar and the beautiful Razia, the daughter of a butcher, living opposite. Soon, a fraudulent professor, claiming to control jinn and fairies, promises to intercede and bring Kattar good luck. “The Smiling Budda” revolves around Ah Fung, a Chinese dentist, who tells Kattar that all his teeth must be pulled out. In “Love Meter”, a doctor claims to have invented a gadget which can measure love in degrees; “The Downfall of Seth Tanwari” describes the property dispute over the doctor’s clinic, a generation later. Story of a Vagabond by Intizar Hussain, guest edited by Alok Bhalla, Asif Farrukhi, and Nishat Zaidi is a befitting tribute to Hussain and brings together a selection of fiction, drama, and non-fiction, translated by the guest editors and others, including M. Asaduddin, M. U. Memon, Frances Pritchett, and Moazzam Sheikh. Bhalla’s “Foreword” and “Afterword” provide illuminating insights into Hussain’s work. The collection reveals the richness, complexity, and sophistication of Hussain’s fiction and includes some of his most celebrated stories such as “The Unwritten Epic”, “A Chronicle of the Peacocks”, and “The Death of Sheherzad”. Themes and concepts appearing in his fiction are underpinned by his non-fiction: “Between Me and the Story”, “Love and Literature”, and a memoir “Many Dreams Later!” The book includes a play “Deluge”.

Life-writing is pivotal to Pakistani English literature. Jamsheed Marker’s memoir Cover Point is an invaluable work; Marker’s perceptive insights into Pakistan’s history are combined with a close association with those who forged it. He belongs to a leading Parsee family in Pakistan, became a well-known cricket commentator and served as Pakistan’s Ambassador to Ghana, The Soviet Union, and The United States and was Pakistan’s representative to the United Nations. His personal friends included Nawabzada and Begum Liaquat Ali Khan, Field Marshal Ayub Khan, and many other leading figures. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto, Nawaz Sharif, Generals Zia ul Haq, and Pervez Musharraf all cross the pages. His narrative is enlivened by finely observed anecdotes and chance conversations; and does not shy away from pointing out political errors, even if the protagonist happens to be a good friend. Muhammed Ali Siddiqi, a senior editor at Dawn, also welds the public and the personal to great effect in his memoir From Religion to Fascism: Memoir of a Journalist. He describes his family’s migration from Hyderabad and his memories of Karachi as a multi-ethnic, multi-faith city. He provides lively descriptions of his life as a journalist and the role of the Pakistani press. He describes legendary editors such as Pothan Joseph, Altaf Hussain, Ahmed Ali Khan, and Mohsin Ali. He traces the changing political climate in Pakistan, expresses his admiration for Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, analyses the religious extremism fostered by the Zia regime, describes the subversion of the democratic process and the growing power of the intelligence services. In a different vein, the celebrated actor Zia Mohyeddin’s third essay collection, The God of My Idolatory: Memories and Reflections, focuses on theatre and film. The title essay tells of John Gielgud, an actor Mohyeddin admires; in “Morgan Sahib” he writes of E. M. Forster and the stage and television adaptations of A Passage to India; “Peter O’ Toole” describes the filming of another great classic Lawrence of Arabia; “The Munshi” tells of Mohyeddin playing the Munshi in The Empress and the Munshi. Other essays revolve around Judi Dench, Lawrence Olivier, and R. K. Narayan; there are also discussions on many writers ranging from Samuel Beckett and Harold Pinter to Edna O’Brien and Moniza Alvi.

The great Urdu poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz is the subject of an illuminating biography Love and Revolution: Faiz Ahmed Faiz: The Authorized Biography by Ali Madeeh Hashmi, his grandson, and a well-known translator. Hashmi tells of Faiz’s early years, his gestation as a poet and his introduction to communism. He writes of Faiz’s marriage to Alys (his English wife) and of family life. He recreates vividly the persona of the poet and the era in which he lived, including his incarceration during the notorious Rawalpindi Conspiracy case and his years of exile in Beirut during the Zia regime. He discusses Faiz’s poems and his poetry collections; he points out that Faiz gave voice to changing times. He writes of Faiz’s film Jago Hua Sawera, his role as the founding editor of The Pakistan Times and the major cultural institutions he set up in Pakistan, ranging from The Ghalib Library to the Pakistan National Council of the Arts. He writes of Faiz’s travels and the Lenin Peace Prize he received in the USSR. Hashmi’s book is complemented by the recent reprints of Alys Faiz’s columns Over My Shoulders and her letters Dear Heart: To Faiz in Prison (1951-1955).

There were several acclaimed books of non-fiction, including Khaled Ahmed’s Sleepwalking to Surrender: Dealing with Terrorism in Pakistan, Nafisa Shah’s Honour Unmasked: Gender, Violence, Law and Power in Pakistan, Haroon Khalid’s Walking with Nanak by Haroon Khalid, and Cinema and Society: Film and Social Change in Pakistan, edited by Ali Khan and Ali Nobil Ahmad. Important studies on Pakistani English literature included Mushtaq Bilal’s Writing Pakistan: Conversations on Identity, Nationhood and Fiction, a collection of interviews with ten Pakistan-born fiction writers: Bapsi Sidhwa, Musharraf Ali Farooqi, Uzma Aslam Khan, Aamer Hussein, Mohammed Hanif, Kamila Shamsie, Mohsin Hamid, Bina Shah, Bilal Tanweer, and Sheheryar Fazle. Bilal set out to explore “how Pak English fiction writers articulate, implicitly or explicitly, their political stances vis-à-vis both domestic and international issues” (p3) but his interviews also address wider dimensions of their approach to literature, language, and writing. Intimate Class Acts: Friendship and Desire in Indian and Pakistani Women’s Fiction by Maryam Mirza explores fiction by ten writers, including Bapsi Sidhwa, Rukhsana Ahmad, Moni Mohsin, and Kamila Shamsie.

Writing Islam from a South Asian Muslim Perspective: Rushdie, Hamid, Aslam, Shamsie by Madeleine Clements is a thought provoking book which looks at four Muslim writers and their post 9/11 response to writing about Islam. She examines the demonization of Muslims in the west, particularly through literary works by Don de Lillo, Martin Amis, and others, which juxtaposed modernity, reason, and the secularism of the west with the “evils of Islamic terrorism”. She is critical of Rushdie’s post-9/11 novels Shalimar the Clown and The Enchantress of Florence set in Kashmir and sixteenth-century India and Europe respectively, which reinforce this by portraying religious Muslim, as joyless or violent. She describes Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist as a novel which challenges the simplistic western perceptions that diverse Muslims can be discussed as a collective group. She refers to the ambiguity of this clever novel and the trap that many readers fall into: they interpret his narrator’s actions by embracing familiar concepts of terror and they overlook his other non-religious connections. She points out that whereas before 9/11, Hamid’s Moth Smoke was regarded as a “hip page turner”, after 9/11 it was read as a book about a society divided between the rich and powerful and the poor and powerless. She describes Aslam’s Maps for Lost Lovers and The Wasted Vigil as novels with “a museum status” because they are so deeply permeated with references to South Asian Muslim literature, culture, and art that they set out to rehabilitate the self-image of the South Asian Muslim, which has been eroded by the west’s “barbarizing” discourse and that of the Taliban. She looks at the influence of Urdu, Aslam’s first language, on his English fiction too. Clements writes on the “decentred” narratives of women in Shamsie’s Kartography, Broken Verses and Burnt Shadows and her portrayal of the interconnectedness of nations in a global world. She points out Shamsie dares to imagine, through her Muslim women characters, that different people may find ways to connect and cohabit without needing to justify religious and cultural affiliations.

Hussein Fancy’s The Mercenary Mediterranean: Sovereignty, Religion and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon provides a historical analysis of thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Iberia and the alliance between the Christian Kings of Aragon and the light Muslim cavalry, known as jenets. He sets out to provide “a novel perspective on interactions between Muslims and Christians in the Middle Ages” and “to rethink the study of religion more broadly” (p4). He queries the modern interpretation that these Muslim-Christian alliances were essentially political, secular, and pragmatic. He looks at European and Arab sources for insights into the jenets, originally Berbers from North Africa. He discovers that they were known as al Ghuzah al-Mujahid in their homeland and deeply religious and points out that in medieval, Christian Aragon, their Muslim faith was not a bone of contention: the jenets were pivotal to Aragon’s victory against the French for control over Sicily in the thirteenth century. Fancy also discusses Aragon’s relationship with Castile and Granada, ruled by a Christian and Muslim dynasty, respectively, and Aragon’s links with Frederick III and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as North Africa. He explores the medieval relationship between the Crown and its subjects – Christian, Muslim or Jewish – based on the feudal concept of ownership and also “exceptionalism”, where the favoured, including the jenets, were allowed great privileges and were showered with honours. He also describes Muslim rulers, including the Almohad dynasty, who were loyally served by Christian soldiers. He discusses faith not as an irrational force, which necessitates hostility to the Other, but as an “aspect of culture webs of significance” (p151) and he points out that Aragon and the jenets’ collaboration “was neither opposed to something called religion nor reducible to it”; it “emerged during evolving, competing and overlapping aims of imperial authority across the medieval Mediterranean” (p151).

Journal of Postcolonial Writing’s Special Issue, “Al-Andalus”, guest-edited by me, looks at the Euro-Arab culture of medieval Spain. This includes Amina Yaqin’s “La mesquite, la convivencia and al-Andalus: an Iqbalian vision” which looks at Iqbal’s celebrated Urdu poem Masjid-e-Qurtaba. David Waterman’s “Power Politics and the Duty of Self-Preservation: Tariq Ali’s Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree” explores contemporary resonances of the Fall of Granada and the expulsion of the Moors from Spain in Ali’s novel, particularly Michael Ignatieff’s writings on Serbia and Croatia. Cara Cilano’s interview with Ali throws rare insights into Ali’s Islam Quintet novels. Shobhana Bhattacharji’s “Twenty Years Later: After Reading The Moor’s Last Sigh in 2015” discusses Salman Rushdie’s novel alongside his memoir Joseph Anton. Kamila Shamsie’s “Librarians, Rebels, Property Owners, Slaves: Women in Andalus” makes particular reference to Lubna of Cordoba and Wallada bint al Mustakfi. Laila Lalami discusses her award-winning historical novel The Moor’s Account in her interview with me; and Rachel Holmes talks to the historian, novelist, and Arabist, Robert Irwin. The issue includes Peter Cole’s translations of Andalusi Hebrew poetry from his book The Dream of the Poem; Shadab Zeest Hashmi’s creative memoir captures her impressions and experience of Spain which she transmuted into poetry in her collection The Baker of Tarifa; Alev Adil blurs fiction and non-fiction to tell of her journey to Alhambra and her fascination with the Arabic poetry of al-Andalus. The Equator Line’s Special Issue, Pakistan: After the Stereotypes, guest-edited by Taha Kehar, includes a wide range of essays by leading public figures, academics, and writers, including politician and lawyer Khurshid Kasuri, historian Yaqoob Bangash, singer Salman Ahmed, and publisher Ameena Saiyid; Amina Yaqin’s “Framing Women: Tradition and Modernity in popular Pakistani TV drama” takes a historical look at conflict of tradition versus modernity portrayed in Pakistani teleplays, and “New Writing: From Subaltern to Separatist” by Faiq Lodhi looks at contemporary work in Pakistan’s many different languages.

2016, then, continued to be very productive for Pakistani English literature with a recurring engagement with global politics and inequalities of class and gender. The year saw accomplished novels and first novelists, but a surprising dearth of short fiction. There were strong, politically engaged dramas, new directions in poetry, important life writing, noteworthy non-fiction and incisive academic studies. In Pakistan, Dawn: Books and Authors supplement remains an important platform for literary essays and book reviews. The Pakistan-based, online workshop Desi Writers Lounge, founded by Afia Aslam, celebrated its tenth anniversary and its bi-annual journal of art and literature, Papercuts (established in 2007), brought out two new issues, Papercuts 16: Crime and Punishment, guest-edited by Bina Shah, and Papercuts 17: Appetite, edited by Anita Nair. These feature a wide range of genres and both South Asian and international writers, ranging from Omar Shahid Hamid, S. S. Mausoof, Torsa Ghosal, James Kincaid, and John Siddique to Ilona Yusuf, Rachel Kramer Bussel, Sophia Naz, Sneha Rouf, Shahbano Bilgrami, and Paromita Vohra. The Missing Slate continued its excellent discourse on art and literature the world over. The year also saw the birth of a new online journal, Zabaan: A Journal of Art and Literature.

There were many losses. The celebrated Intizar Hussain (born 1923), one of the towering Urdu writers of his generation and an English language columnist; Nasreen Anjum Bhatti (born 1943), broadcaster and one of the leading writers of Urdu and Punjabi poetry of her generation, and Zubair Rizvi (born 1935), Urdu writer and broadcaster; S. Akbar Naqvi (born 1916), art critic and writer. They are deeply mourned.

Footnotes

Notes

References

“Articulation, Agency and Embodiment in Contemporary Pakistani Urdu Poetry by Women” Asma Mansoor and Najeeba Arif Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature 10(1) June pp128–144.

“Don Quixote: Cervantes’ ‘Arabic’ Tale” Syed Nomanul Haq Dawn Books and Authors Supplement¹ (Karachi) 3 April p3.

“Diverse Directions: South Asian Literature Steps out of the Box” Saba Imtiaz Newsline (Karachi) February pp86–88.

“Event Review: Of Comic Books and Pakistani Fans” Babar Kabir Dawn B&A (Karachi) 12 May.

From New National to World Literatures: Essays and Reviews Bruce King 660pp Ibidem Verlag (Stuttgart) £92 [includes Pakistan-related items].

“A Man without Blinkers” Humair Ishtiaq Dawn B&A (Karachi) 3 October p3 [on Syed Sibte Hasan commemorating his centenary].

Pakistan at Crossroad: Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures ed Christophe Jaffrelot 358pp Random House (New Delhi) US$60.

Progressive Ideas and Ideals in Urdu Literature eds Dr Khalid Sohail, Abbas Syed and Omar Latif 247pp Green Zone Publishing (Canada) [e-book].

Revisionist History of Islam: A Critical Study of Post 1977 Interpretations M. R. Kazimi 63pp Sama (Karachi) Rs250.

10.

“Terror in the Tilism” Ajmal Kamal Dawn B&A (Karachi) 27 Mar p3 [on violence in the Urdu dastaam tradition].

11.

“To Tell the Truth … but Let It Slant: Form and Fiction in Rusva’s Umrao Jan Ada” Sharon Pillai Journal of Commonwealth Literature 51(1) March pp110–126

12.

Akhtar, Rizwan “Two Poems by Rizwan Akhtar: ‘The Maids of the City of Dust’, ‘Inside American Embassy Islamabad’” The Waggle Magazine Winter–Spring https://thewagglemagazine.wordpress.com/04-winterspring-16/two-poems-by-rizwan-akhtar/.

13.

Akhtar, Rizwan “Three Poems: ‘Belfast Vignettes’, ‘Zeugma’, ‘Refugee-Muse’” The Galway Review 4 https://thegalwayreview.com/2016/09/23/rizwan-akhtar-three-poems/.

14.

Choonara, Samina Slow Running River: Poems and Stories 59pp Small Print (Lahore) Rs300 [see also Fiction].

15.

Ghaffar, Muzaffar Moondark 78pp Ferozesons (Lahore) Rs296.

16.

Hasan, Raza Ali Sorrows of the Warrior Class 60pp Sheep Meadow Press (Manchester) £18.

17.

Hashmi, Alamgir “They Say, They Never Wrote” New Soundings in Postcolonial Writing: Critical and Creative Contours eds Janet Wilson and Chris Ringrose p265 [see Criticism: General Studies].

18.

Hashmi, Shadab Zeest “Ghalib Lists Thirty-eight Varieties of Mangoes in his Letters” Ink Node 9 May www.inknode.com/shadabhashmi/ghalib-lists-thirty-eight-varieties-of-mangoes-in-his-letters/.

19.

Hashmi, Shadab Zeest “Qasida of Disavowed Silence” Bird’s Thumb 3(3) October http://birdsthumb.org/issue-10-16/2016/9/29/qasida-of-disavowed-silence.

20.

Hashmi, Shadab Zeest“Urdu: Silk Road Qasida” Knot Magazine 3 May http://friendsofwriters.org/2016/05/03/urdu-silk-road-qasida-by-shadab-zeest-hashmi/.

21.

Hashmi, Shadab Zeest “Walled City: A Qasida Cycle” Ink Node 22 February https://www.inknode.com/shadabhashmi/walled-city-a-qasida-cycle.

22.

Jaffarey, Syed Zaigham S. A Drop Lost in Time 120pp self-pub Topical (Karachi) [2015].

23.

Kunial, Zafar Faber Modern Poets 11 24pp Faber and Faber (London) £5 [2014].

24.

Kunial, Zafar Denise Riley, Warsen Shire, John Glenday, Steve Ely The Pity 69pp Poetry Society (London) £7.00 [2014; poems on World War I. See also Anthologies].

25.

Mela, Momina “How to Take off a Saree” New Yorker 11 April http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/04/11/how-to-take-off-a-sari/.

26.

Pandeya, Sophia Ali Peripheries 64pp Cyberhex Press US$8.99 [e-book, 2015].

27.

Rahim, Ejaz Toledo to Toledo 146pp Dost Publications (Islamabad).

28.

Rahim, Ejaz With a Touch of Levity 207pp Dost Publications (Islamabad).

29.

Shivani, Anis Sorayya: Sonnets 108pp Black Widow (Boston MA) US$15.95.

30.

Shivani, Anis Whatever Speaks on Behalf of Hashish 126pp BlazeVox (Kenmore, NY) US $15.20 [2015].

31.

Shivani, Anis “Excerpt from ‘Death Is a Festival’” X-Peri blogspot.com 18 Mar http://x-peri.blogspot.com/2016/03/anis-shivani-excerpt-from-death-is.html?m=1.

32.

Ahmad, Amina The Dishonoured 113pp Oberon Books (London) £9.99.

33.

Akhtar, Ayad The Invisible Hand 83pp Bloomsbury (London) £10.99.

34.

Ali, Usman The Odyssey: We Are All Infected!: A Three Act Play 42pp Newline (Lahore) Rs200.

35.

Boehm, Amna The Silent Children 304pp Matador £8.99.

36.

Choonara, Samina Running River: Poems and Stories [see also Poetry].

37.

Eteraz, Ali Native Believer 271pp Akashic Books (Brooklyn, NY) US$15.9

38.

Ghani, Rifaat Hamid A Tale Told 400pp Sama (Karachi) Rs800.

39.

Hasin, Sarvat This Wide Night 328pp Penguin Random House India (New Delhi) Rs995.

40.

Husain, Tasneem Zehra Only the Longest Thread 215pp Paul Dry Books (Philadelphia, PA) US$12.62 [2014].

41.

Kureishi, Hanif Love and Hate: Stories and Essays 240pp Faber and Faber (London) £13.48 [2015].

42.

Naeem, Umair The Runaway 373pp Tara (Chennai) Rs795.

43.

Malik, Usman “The Pauper Prince and the Eucalyptus Jinn” Tor-Com: http://www.tor.com/2015/04/22/the-pauper-prince-and-the-eucalyptus-jinn-usman-malik/ [15].

44.

Mausoof, S. S. The Warehouse 256pp Hatchette India (Gurgaon) Rs895.

45.

Mehmood, Tariq The Song of Gulzarina 192pp Daraja Press (Montreal) US$28.

46.

Philips, Maha Khan The Curse of Mohenjodaro 441pp Pan Macmillan (New Delhi) Rs795.

47.

Shah, Sami Fire Boy 306pp Xoum Publishing (Sydney and Melbourne) AUD$19.99.

48.

Shamim, Arif The Ameer Is Dead 367pp Juggernaut Books (New Delhi) INR80.

49.

Akhtar, Muhammed Khalid, Love in Chakiwara and Other Misadventures trans from Urdu by Bilal Tanweer 308pp Picador India (New Delhi) Rs995.

50.

Ghalib, Mirza Asadullah Khan The Famous Ghalib: The Sound of My Moving Pen Ghazals selected and explained by Ralph Russell; revised edition Marion Molteno 186pp Roli Books (New Delhi) US$9.40 [2015, first pub 2000].

51.

Haq, Samiul Afghan Taliban: War of Ideology: Struggle for Peace trans from Urdu by Azmat Abbas 204pp Emel Publications Rs780.

52.

Hussain, Intizar Story Is a Vagabond: Fiction, Essays and Drama by Intizar Hussein gen ed Frank Stewart; guest eds Alok Bhalla, Asif Farrukhi, Nishat Zaidi 418pp Oxford Univ Press (Karachi) Rs1995 [see also Autobiography and Letters, Anthologies].

53.

Hussain, Intizar The Sea Lies Ahead trans from Urdu by Rakshanda Jalil 340pp Harper Perennial (New Delhi) INR Rs348.

54.

Hussein, Abdullah The Weary Generations trans from Urdu by Abdullah Hussein 448pp HarperCollins (New Delhi) INR445 [first pub Peter Owen (London) 1999; Urdu original Udaas Naslein 1963].

55.

Hussein, Madho Lal Verses of a Lowly Fakir: Madho Lal Hussein trans from the Punjabi by Naveed Alam, Penguin Classics Rs800.

56.

Iqbal, Muhammed Iqbal: A Selection of His Urdu and Persian Verse trans into English by David J. Matthews 200pp Oxford Univ Press (Karachi) Rs725.

57.

Ilyas, Muhammed Trespass: The Intriguing Short Stories of Mohammed Ilyas trans from Urdu and selected by Naeem Ashraf 128pp Sang-e-Meel (Lahore) Rs500.

58.

Manto, Saadat Hasan My Name Is Radha: The Essential Manto trans from Urdu by Muhammed Umar Memon 340pp Penguin Books (New Delhi) INR599.

59.

Aijazuddin, F. S. The Fickle ’70s: Memoirs 1972-79 396pp Sang-e-Meel (Lahore) Rs1595.

60.

Faiz, Alys Over My Shoulder 221pp Sang-e-Meel (Lahore) Rs1295 [2015, first pub 1993].

61.

Faiz, Alys Dear Heart: For Faiz in Prison (1951-1955) Sang-e-Meel (Lahore) Rs1195 [first pub 1985].

62.

Hasan, Zehra Habib HM: Personal Memoirs and Short Stories of the Founding Years of Habib Bank A.G. Zurich 150pp Pakistan Post Foundation Press (Karachi) Rs786.

63.

Hassan, Syed Fida Pakistan: The Promise of the Early Years: A Memoir (1908-1977) fwd Syed Babar Ali 388pp Zeenat Publications (Lahore) US$40.

64.

Husain, Intizar Story Is a Vagabond: Fiction, Essays and Drama [see also Translations, Anthologies].

65.

Khan, Tania Hope Still Designing £5.94 [e-book about bringing up a child with Down’s Syndrome].

66.

Khan, Omar Sawdust Castles 330pp BBCL (Karachi) Rs1152.

67.

Marker, Jamsheed Cover Point: Impressions of Leadership in Pakistan 218pp Oxford Univ Press (Karachi) Rs995.

68.

Mohyeddin, Zia The God of My Idolatry: Memories and Reflections 407pp Pakistan Publishing House (Karachi) Rs1500 [essays].

69.

Paracha, Nadeem Farooq End of the Past: An Immediate Eyewitness History of a Troubled Nation 234pp Vanguard Books (Lahore) Rs99.

70.

Siddiqi, Muhammad Ali Pakistan: From Religion to Fascism: Memoirs of a Journalist 701pp Ushba Publishing International (Karachi) Rs1400.

71.

Duffy, Carol Ann and Gillian Clarke eds The Map and the Clock: A Laureate’s Choice of the Poetry of Britain and Ireland 736pp Faber and Faber (London) £20 [includes Moniza Alvi, Imtiaz Dharker and Zaffar Kunial].

72.

Hosain, Attia Distant Traveller: New and Selected Fiction selected and ed Aamer Hussein and Shama Habibullah 312pp Oxford Univ Press (Karachi) [2015, first pub Women Unlimited (New Delhi), 2013].

73.

Hussein, Intizar, Story Is a Vagabond [see Translations, Autobiography and Letters]

74.

Kunial, Zafar, Denise Riley, Warsen Shire, John Glenday and Steve Ely The Pity 60pp [see also Poetry, Kunial Zafar].

75.

“Art in the Time of Conflict” Kamila Shamsie Financial Times (London) 27 September www.ft.com/content/04e20f6a-4db5-11e6-8172-e39ecd3b86fc.

76.

“Bardji-on the Beach: Postcolonial Artists Write Back to Shakespeare” Claire Chambers Dawn B&A (Karachi) January 10 p3.

77.

Cinema and Society: Film and Social Change in Pakistan eds Ali Khan and Ali Nobil Ahmed 394pp Oxford Univ Press (Karachi) Rs4500.

78.

“Character Construction in Tributive Songs: Transitivity Analysis of the Song ‘I am Malala’” Fauzia Janjua Trames: Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 20(2) pp201–213.

79.

“Dangerous Controversies” Bruce King Journal of Postcolonial Writing 52(1) Special Issue Beyond Britishness pp114–121 [review: includes A God in Every Stone by Kamila Shamsie and Rethinking Identities in Pakistani Fiction: Beyond 9/11 by Aroosa Kanwal.

80.

“Deconstructive Pedagogy and Ideological Demystification in Post-Colonial Pakistan” Asma Mansoor and Samina Malik Curriculum Inquiry 46 October pp491–409.

81.

“Introduction to Reading Other Women” Rafia Zakaria Boston Review 28 Septembe http://bostonreview.net/world-books-ideas/rafia-zakaria-reading-other-women-1 [includes discussion on Atiya Fyzee].

82.

Intimate Class Acts: Friendship and Desire in Indian and Pakistani Women’s Fiction Maryam Mirza fwd Tabish Khair 224pp Oxford Univ Press (New Delhi) £16.

83.

“Like a New Titanic: On the Stories of Muslim Refugees in Europe” Claire Chambers Dawn B&A (Karachi) 20 March p3.

84.

“Lurking Antagonism: A Feminist Critique of How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia by Mohsin Hamid” Fauzia Janjua Mayar 15(1) January pp34–35

85.

“‘Marginalization’ in Third World Feminism: Its Problematics and Theoretical Re-configuration” Asma Mansoor Palgrave Communications 2 Special Issue: Gender Studies www.palgrave-journals.com/articles/palcomms201626.

86.

The Mercenary Mediterranean: Sovereignty, Religion and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon Hussein Fancy 296pp Chicago Univ Press (Chicago) US$35.23.

87.

New Soundings in Postcolonial Writing: Critical and Creative Contours (Cross/Cultures) eds Chris Ringrose and Janet Wilson 296pp Brill/Rodopi (Leiden/Boston) £116 [see also Poetry: Hashmi, A. and this section, “Pakistani English Novels”].

88.

“Pakistani English Novels in the New Millennium: Migration, Geopolitics and Tribal Tales” Muneeza Shamsie New Soundings in Postcolonial Writing pp149–169 [see this section, New Soundings].

89.

“Remaking Feminist Myth in Pakistan” Mythmaking across Boundaries ed Züleyha Çetiner-Öktem Cambridge Scholars Publishing (Cambridge) pp256–266.

90.

“Rainbow Alliance: A Subaltern Study of Selected Pakistani Fiction in English” Sonia Irum and Munazza Yaqoob Kashmir Journal of Language Research 19(2) pp13–24.

91.

“Shakespeare or Shaikh Zubair” Claire Chambers Dawn B&A (Karachi) 8 May p3.

92.

Writing Islam from a South Asian Muslim Perspective: Rushdie, Hamid, Aslam, Shamsie Madeleine Clements 196pp Palgrave Macmillan (London) £55.

93.

Writing Pakistan: Conversations on Identity, Nationhood and Fiction Mushtaq Bilal 252pp HarperCollins (New Delhi) INR352.

94.

Ali, Hasan Raza “Books Noted” Stephen Burt American Poets Spring-Summer 2016 www.poets.org/american-poets-magazine/books-noted-0 [includes review of Sorrows of the Warrior Class].

95.

Boheim, Amna K. “Ghosts of the Past” Rabeea Saleem Dawn B&A (Karachi) 23 October pp4–5 [review of The Silent Children].

96.

Durrani, Tehmina “Speaking from the Margins: Tehmina Durrani’s My Feudal Lord” Rajpal Kaur Research Journal of English Language and Literature (RJELAL) 4(1) pp514–591.

97.

Faiz, Faiz Ahmed Love and Revolution: Faiz Ahmed Faiz: The Authorised Biography Ali Madeeh Hashmi 310pp Rupa Publications (New Delhi) Rs795.

98.

Farooqi, Musharraf Ali “Musharraf Ali Farooqi: Doyen of Pakistani English Fiction” Haroon Ashraf The Nation (Lahore) 8 August.

99.

Ghaffar, Muzaffar “Book Review: Moondark” Bushra Naqi The Nation 30 November.

100.

Ghaffar, Muzaffar “The Icon of Our Culture” Nadir Ali The News International: Literati: 30 October [on Ghaffar’s translations of Punjabi poetry].

101.

Ghalib, Mirza Asadullah Khan “Write, as If You Were Speaking” (Part I) 31 January; (Part II) 14 February; Zia Mohyeddin The News: Literati [on Ghalib’s prose with particular reference to the Urdu Letters of Mirza Asadullah Ghalib trans by Dr Daud Rahbar]

102.

Ghalib, Mirza Asadullah Khan “My Journey with Ghalib’s Divans” Mehr Afshan Farooqi Dawn B&A (Karachi) 17 July pp3–4 [on tracking down Ghalib’s missing 1821 divan].

103.

Ghalib, Mirza Asadullah Khan “Ghalib and His Letters” Zia Mohyeddin The News International: Literati (Karachi) 11 September.

104.

Ghani, Riffat Hamid “Once upon a Country” Nadiya Chisty Mujahid Dawn B&A (Karachi) 17 April.

105.

Ghose, Zulfikar “In the Light of Chance” 21 February; “The Faustian Saga: A Look at the Legend of Faust and an Array of Artistic and Literary Works It Has Influenced throughout History” 10 July; “Poets as Critics” 28 Aug; “Extraordinary Stories” 30 October; “Fraudulent Fame” 25 December Dawn B&A (Karachi) p3.

106.

Hamid, Mohsin “Post-9/11 Re-Orientalism: Confrontation and Conciliation in Mohsin Hamid’s and Mira Nair’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist” Lisa Lau and Anna Cristina Mendes Journal of Commonwealth Literature 51(1) pp92–119.

107.

Hanif, Mohammed “Dangerous Fictions: The Writer Mohammed Hanif Probes for Truth in Pakistan” Dexter Filkings New Yorker 9 May www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/09/a-pakistani-novelist-tests-the-limits [interview with Mohammed Hanif].

108.

Hashmi, Shadab Zeest “An Interview with Shadab Zeest Hashmi and Alicia Jo Rabins” Gray Thoron San Diego Writers Ink 5 January www.sandiegowriters.org/an-interview-with-shadab-zeest-hashmi-and-alicia-jo-rabins-with-gray-thoron/.

109.

Hashmi, Shadab Zeest “Second Look: Crafting the American Ghazal” One 8 February http://one.jacarpress.com/second-look/ [includes analysis of Grace Shulman’s ghazal].

110.

Husain, Intizar “Dreamweaver” Muneeza Shamsie Dawn B&A (Karachi) 16 October pp1–2 [review of Story Is a Vagabond).

111.

Hussein, Aamer “Thoughts That Linger” Nadya Chisty-Mujahid Dawn B&A (Karachi) 10 July pp5 [review of Distant Traveller].

112.

Hussein, Aamer “Forgotten Stories” 13 March; “Linguistic Migrations” 12 June; “Pathways of Light” 7 August; “What’s In a Name?” 4 December Dawn B&A p3.

113.

Hussein, Abdullah “A Magnificent Tale” Raza Naeem Newsline (Karachi) November pp94–96 [review of The Weary Generations].

114.

Ikramullah, Shaista Suhrawardy “‘From Purdah to Parliament’: The Twentieth Century according to Shaista Ikramullah” M. Reza Pirbhai Hawwa: Journal of the Women of the Middle East and the Islamic World 14 pp278–309.

115.

Iqbal, Muhammed “Iqbal: The Man I Admire and Revere” Zia Mohyeddin The News International: Literati (Karachi) 14 August.

116.

Jaffrey, Zaigham S. “In His Element” Nusrat Khwaja Newsline (Karachi) April p104; “Poetic Thoughts” Syed Sheherbano Kazim Dawn B&A (Karachi) 19 June.

117.

Javed, Kanza “A Book of Life” Maqbool Ahmed The News International: Literati (Karachi) 12 June [review of Ashes, Wine and Dust].

118.

Kureishi. Hanif “Tell Me a Story Dad’: (Post)Memory and the Archaeology of Subjectivity in Hanif Kureishi’s My Ear at His Heart” Andreas Athanasiades Journal of Postcolonial Writing 52(1) Special Issue: Beyond Britishness pp26–37.

119.

Khwaja, Waqas “A Transitional Man – Interview with Professor Waqas Khwaja” Mehboob Ahmad The News International: Literati 7 August.

120.

Mehmood, Tariq “Tabish Khair’s Jihadi Jane and Tariq Mehmood’s Song of Gulzarina” Claire Chambers Huffington Post 20 December huffingtonpost.co.uk/dr-claire-chambers/book-review-tabish-khair-_b_13674626.html; “Song of Gulzarina” Lema Abeng Nsah Duniah 16 December www.duniamagazine.com/2016/12/book-review-song-of-gulzarina-by-tariq-mehmood/ [reviews of Song of Gulzarina].

121.

Mohsin, Moni “Signor Sultan” The Friday Times January 29–4 February pp24–25 [on the teaching of colonial history in Britain]

122.

Munir, Sana “Evil Within” Tara Kashif Dawn B&A (Karachi) 17 January p8 [review of The Satanist].

123.

Naeem, Umair “Darkness Runs Deep” Faiza Virani Dawn B&A (Karachi) 31 July p4 [review of The Runaway].

124.

Naqvi, H.M. “Where Are We Now? On How Literature Engages with the Concerns of Each Era” 31 July pp3–4; “The Art and Craft of Translations” 13 November; Dawn B&A (Karachi) pp3–4.

125.

Rustomji-Kerns, Roshni “I Am Not Trying to Give Them a Voice” Moazzam Sheikh News International: Literati: (Karachi) 10 January [interview].

126.

Saadi, Suhayl “The Rhythms of the City: Performance of Time and Space in Suhayl Saadi’s Psychoraag” Carla Rodriguez Gonzalez Journal of Commonwealth Literature 51(1) March pp92–109.

127.

Shah, Bina “We Will Write Our Stories” 9 October p3; “How to Read a Book” 11 December; Dawn B&A (Karachi) p3.

128.

Shah, Bina “Bina Shah’s Season of Martyrs” Toronto Review Megan Davison Ladly 7 September http://www.torontoreviewofbooks.com/2016/09/bina-shahs-season-martyrs/

129.

Shahraz, Qaisra “Real People in My Books – Qaisra Shahraz” Sanam Zeb Dawn B&A (Karachi) 24 April p7; “Distinguishing Islam from Cultural Practices: Conversations with Qaisra Shahraz” Mahmudul Hasan Asiatic 10(1) June pp171–183 [interviews].

130.

Shamsie, Kamila “Art in a Time of Conflict” The Financial Times 27 September https://www.ft.com/content/04e20f6a-4db5-11e6-8172-e39ecd3b86fc

131.

Shamsie, Kamila “Dangerous Controversies” Bruce King Journal of Postcolonial Writing 52(1) pp114–121 [review of A God in Every Stone, see General Studies].

132.

Sheikh, Moazzam “I Am Not Trying to Give Them a Voice” [see this section, Rustomji-Kerns, Roshni].

133.

Sheikh, Nazneen “The Quest” Nadiya Chishty-Mujahid Dawn B&A (Karachi) 15 May pp6 [review of The Place of Shining Light].

134.

Shivani, Anis “Anis Shivani: The TNB Self-Interview” The Nervous Breakdown 26 February http://www.thenervousbreakdown.com/ashivani/2016/02/anis-shivani-the-tnb-self-interview/£more-124567.

135.

Shivani, Anis “The Power of Hegemonic Literary Capitals Needs to Be Challenged, Says Novelist Anis Shivani” Maliha Diwan Dawn: Images (Karachi) 4 March; “Interview with Anis Shivani on Experimental Poetry, His New Books and How to Make It as a Literary Writer” Cindy Huyser Huffington Post 5 May http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anis-shivani/interview-with-anis-shiva_b_9840110.html [interviews].

136.

Shivani, Anis “Poetry Turns Outsiderness into an Art Form: Why I Wrote Soraya: Sonnets” Huffington Post 15 March www.huffingtonpost.com/anis-shivani/post_11629_b_9694994.html.

137.

Shivani, Anis “Tales of Many Cities” Amitav Pradhan Daily Pioneer: Sunday Edition (New Delhi) 20 March http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition///tales-of-many-cities.html [review of Karachi Raj].

138.

Shivani, Anis “The Distinctive Realm of Avant-Garde Poetry” 3 July; “To Re-Imagine Reality” 21 August; “Pushing the Boundaries of the Global Novel” 16 October; “Dead on Arrival” 19 December Dawn B&A (Karachi) p3.

139.

Suhrawardy, Hasan Shahid “The Eclectic Genius: The Remarkable Life and Times of Hasan Shahid Suhrawardy” Arif Azad The News International: Literati (Karachi) 20 March.

140.

Zakaria, Rafia “Chronicles of the Conquered” Claire Chambers Dawn B&A (Karachi) 27 March pp1–2 [review of Britain Through Muslim Eyes].

141.

Zakaria, Rafia “The Other Literature” Madeleine Clements Dawn B&A (Karachi) 2 October pp1–2 [review of Writing Islam from a South Asian Muslim Perspective].

142.

Zakaria, Rafia “Colonialism, Culture and Courtesans” Dawn 16 November p6 [includes refs to Ruswa’s Umrao Jan Ada].

143.

Ahmed, Khaled Sleepwalking to Surrender: Dealing with Terrorism in Pakistan 463pp Viking/Penguin (New Delhi) Rs1295.

144.

Noman Ahmed, Asiya Sadiq, Suneela Ahmed and Masooma M. Shakir Karachi from the Prism of Urban Design 307pp Dept of Architecture and Planning NED University (Karachi).

145.

Azhar, Mobeen Prince: Stories from the Purple Underground 1958-2016 (stories behind the Songs) 144pp Carlton Books (London) £20.

146.

Bangash, Salman The Frontier Tribal Belt: Genesis and Purpose under the Raj 380pp Oxford Univ Press (Karachi) Rs.1095

147.

Chughtai, M. Ikram ed Khalifa Abdul Hakim: A Distinguished Islamic Scholar 432pp Sang-e-Meel (Lahore) Rs1800 [2015].

148.

Dolnik, Adam and Khurram Iqbal Negotiating the Siege of the Lal Masjid 296pp Oxford Univ Press (Karachi) Rs1095.

149.

Gharib, Rabia A Greener Valley 180pp InfoTech Group US$15.

150.

Haqqani, Hussain Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military 462pp Penguin Books India (New Delhi) [with new preface by the author - first published 2005]

151.

Iqbal, Khurram and Adam Dolnik Negotiating the Siege of the Lal Masjid [see this section, Dolnik].

152.

Khalid, Haroon In Search of Shiva: A Study of Folk Religious Practices in Pakistan 256pp Rupa Publications (New Delhi) Rs595 [2015].

153.

Khalid, Haroon Walking with Nanak 291pp Tranquebar (New Delhi) Rs699.

154.

Manan, Ahmed Asif A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and the Muslim Origins of South Asia 272pp Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA) US$45.00.

155.

Pervez, Amjad Melody Singers-1 312pp Sang-e-Meel (Lahore) Rs1200 [2015].

156.

Qalam, Khursheed Alam Gauhar Khat-e-Sadequain: Rules and Principles of Sadequain’s Calligraphy Sang-e-Meel (Lahore) Rs12000.

157.

Qaiser, Tariq Alexander Baltistan: Apricot Bloom 160pp Champa (Karachi) Rs4500 [2015].

158.

Rashid, Nayyar Ehsan Flowers of Devotion: 218pp+illustrations Topical (Lahore).

159.

Rumi, Raza The Fractious Path: Pakistan’s Democratic Transition 376pp Harper Collins (New Delhi) Rs995.

160.

Ilahi, Shireen F. Imperial Violence and the Path to Independence: India, Ireland and the Crisis of Empire (International Library of Colonial History 256pp I.B. Tauris (London) £64.

161.

Rehmani, Anjum Lahore History and Architecture of Mughal Monuments 500pp Oxford Univ Press (Karachi) Rs4950.

162.

Maher, Shiraz Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea 296pp Hurst (London) Rs4400.

163.

The Critical Muslim ed Ziauddin Sardar The Muslim Institute and C. Hurst & Co (Publishers) Ltd, 41 Great Russell Street, London WC1 PL Subs UK£50, Europe £65; Rest of the World £75; Digital only £3.30 per month.

164.

Missing Slate ed in chief, Maryam Piracha 262 Street 31, F-10/1, Islamabad chiefed@themissingslate.com.

165.

Pakistan Perspectives: Bi-annual Research Journal Acting Director and Publisher Dr Jaffer Ahmed, Pakistan Study Centre, University of Karachi, P.O. Box 8450 Karachi 725270 subs individual single Rs250, US$30; Special Issue Rs300, US$40; annual Rs500; US$60; airmail charges (for two issues) US$15; email pscuk@yahoo.com.

166.

Papercuts ed Afia Aslam associate ed Tarsa Ghosal P.O. Box 7815, Karachi 54000 editor.papercuts@desiwriterslounge.net. Two print editions annually: Papercuts 16: Heroes and Villains, guest ed Bina Shah http://desiwriterslounge.net/magazine/volume-16/; Papercuts 17: Appetite guest ed Anita Nair (Autumn) http://desiwriterslounge.net/papercuts US$11 per issue; price in Pakistan Rs400.

167.

The Equator Line 16: Pakistan: After the Stereotypes (July-September) guest ed Taha Kekar ed Bhaksar Roy; 16 Community Centre, 3rd Floor, Panchsheel, Park, New Delhi 110017 www.theequatorlwebine.co.uk.

168.

Journal of Postcolonial Writing 52(2) Special Issue Al Andalus (May 2016) guest ed Muneeza Shamsie eds Janet Wilson and Chris Ringrose. Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group 2&4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RN Website www.tandfonline.com/toc/rjpw20/52/2?nav=tocList.

169.

Critical Muslim www.criticalmuslim.com.

170.

Dawn Books and Authors www.dawn.com/magazines/books-authors.

171.

Desi Writers Lounge www.desiwriterslounge.net [includes on-line workshops and Papercuts magazine].

172.

Internet Archive www.archive.org [includes Pakistan-related items].

173.

The Literary Encyclopedia www.litencyc.com [includes Pakistan-related entries].

174.

The Nation nation.com.pk.

175.

The News International: Literati http://tns.thenews.com.pk/category/literati/.

176.

The Missing Slate: Art and Literary Journal www.themissingslate.com [online journal of art and literature].

177.

Papercuts www.desiwriterslounge.net/papercuts/

178.

Three Quarks Daily www.3quarksdaily.com [includes creative work and literary essays].

179.

Zabaan: A Journal of Art and Literature www.zabaanjournal.com

180.

3 Quarks Daily www.3quarksdaily.com [creative work, science and literary essays — contributors include Shadab Zeest Hashmi and Tasneem Zehra Hussain].