Abstract

Introduction
The poetry of 2015 is marked by an intense yearning to experiment. New and established poets have strived to cut across genres in order to evolve new poetic styles. Kiran Nagarkar’s play Bedtime Story, written in the 1970s, was published. Novelists like Amitav Ghosh, Neelum Saran Gour, Salman Rushdie, Kunal Basu, Siddharth Chowdhury, and Anjum Hasan published new work; Kiran Doshi’s Jinnah Often Came to Our House, an extraordinary historical novel, came out. Poet and short-story writer Keki Daruwalla brought out his second novel. Three outstanding collections of short stories appeared: by Neelum Saran Gour, Siddhartha Gigoo, and Cyrus Mistry.
Meena Alexander’s eighth poetry book Atmospheric Embroideries combines the visual and the textual to create evocative images. Inspired by Alighiero Boetti’s art work, “The Thousand Longest Rivers” (1976–1982), the book is divided into five sections with an epigraph before the second, third, and fourth sections. The epigraph of Fernando Pessoa at the beginning indicates the poet’s role as a keeper of “sheep”, where the “sheep are my [the poet’s] thoughts”. The poems are marked by a melange of cultural tropes offering insights into migration and identity. This new world is set against italicized statements signifying the old one: “2. All our worldly goods were packed in a holdall./ 3. Pots and pans cleaned with well water”. There are numerous mythological references ranging from Saraswati to Sita.
Vikram Seth brought out his seventh poetry book, Summer Requiem. His own words define his experience thus: “I have so carefully mapped the corners of my mind / That I am forever waking in a lost country”. The sense of loss Seth mentions has been mapped in poems such as “Late Light”: “At three the late light glides across/ The last gold leaves on the black ground./ The snow is near, as is my loss:/ The peaceful love I’ve never found”. In this two-stanza poem, the poet hopes for “rest within the lover’s arms”. Nature continues to reinvent itself in Seth’s skilful hands and the freedom of verse accompanies a carefree attitude in some poems.
Vijay Nambisan has published his second collection of poems First Infinities more than 20 years after Gemini I (a poetry volume co-written with Jeet Thayil). The collection has been divided into three parts: “Loss”, “Dirge”, and “Profit”. In each of these, natural imagery is employed: looping snow, ducks, birds, and animals. In “Dirge”, Nambisan maps the changes in the publishing industry and how they have marred the writer: Then the world shone, by their showing; then publishers seemed to care; Then calls for cheques of last year’s owing did not fall on empty air. Then newspapers asked them for pieces; and printed them unchanged; and paid; But now there are so many wheezes which make the craft a thrifty trade.
This idea finds resonance in “The Corporate Poet”. In poems such as “Medical Entry” and “Pill” the language of science drives home the idea that “life remains fatal”.
Jeet Thayil’s Collected Poems presents new and unpublished poems along with selections from his earlier published collections. About 52 new poems express a marked realization of the loss of faith, with references to God and mythological characters. In “Separation” the towns are inhabited by ghosts: “Town of ghosts, where I or some other breathes/ the black unchangeable estrangement.” In poems like “Rules for Citizens” or “53 Views of Abstraction, 1 Rhyme, 0 Blackbirds” the point form is used to compress and present ideas in numbered lines. The section “From the Book of Chocolate Saints” uncovers the seamy side of life in short poems on saints.
I Dreamt a Horse Fell from the Sky: An Adil Jussawalla Reader is a compilation of Jussawalla’s poems, fiction, and non-fiction. The new poems find place alongside selections from earlier collections — The Right Kind of Dog (2013), Trying to Say Goodbye (2011), Missing Person (1976), and Land’s End (1962). His poetry spans an epoch: from the 1960s to the present day; from the Nehruvian idealism to the globalized world with its contradictions. “Kite” (a poem written for Tenzin Tsundue) traces the free-flowing movement of a kite from a flat to the slab above a closed window as it waits to land. Prose poems kindle thought and allow imagination to float along the lines. The image of the “castaway” given water, the fish-head in “Evolution After A Fashion-1” or the professor in “Evolution after a Fashion-2” carve specific images in the mind.
Kerala-born poet and dance producer/curator Karthika Nair retells the Mahabharata from the point of view of 18 marginal characters in Until the Lions: Echoes from the Mahabharata. After Bearings (2009), this is her second collection of poems. Chinua Achebe’s lines from The Paris Review form the epigraph and emphasize the need to rewrite history, because “until the lions have their own historians, the history of the hunt will always glorify the hunter”. Written in the form of a series of dramatic monologues in both prose and verse, the book presents the perspective of the women (Satyavati, Poorna, Sauvali, to name a few) and the “Padavits” or the foot-soldiers. Karthika employs every kind of prosody — three-line stanzas, four-line stanzas, visual poetry, even experiments with typography, where the foot-soldier’s view appears in grey ink.
Menka Shivdasani’s third collection Safe House focuses on the social marginalization and exploitation of women in varied forms. From the woman in the kitchen to the Khasi woman in Shillong, her poems paint a disturbing canvas of pain and rebellion. In “Bird-Woman” she is “making friends/ with the birds now/ and have discovered/ my talons too”. In “Everywoman Is an Island” beneath “the hubbub of the kitchen/ and the mountain of dishes” the “dark brooding space that rises” is marked by the presence of gulls and kites that “soar unseen”.
K. Srilata’s fourth collection of poetry Bookmarking the Oasis transforms the poetic structure into an entity one can experiment with even as it reminds us of the simple ways of life. In “Things I Didn’t Know I Loved (After Nazim Hikmet)”, she invokes an image of simplicity — from walking “bare feet” to movement towards “small islands of quiet”. “Bright Blue Bird” taps experience and transforms it into poetry. The bright blue bird leaves behind its “bright blue” and the “blue hops down” to take the form of a poem.
Recipient of the 2003 Audre Lorde Creative Writing Award, Mukta Sambrani’s Broomrider’s Book of the Dead bursts the confines of the poetic line. This is her second collection of poems after The Woman in This Room Isn’t Lonely in 1997. Published in the style of a flip book the Broomrider presents the split psyche of the writer in the form of the protagonist, Anna Albuquar; the writer Anna is the “tormented mind plagued by neurosis and mania and her notebooks offer an insight into mental illness”. Emulating Doris Lessing’s The Golden Notebook, this collection is marked by an intermeshing of prose, fictional passages, and even dramatic dialogue. The poems rely heavily on references to literary characters and ideas that emerge from literary theory.
Indu K. Mallah’s first book was a novel, Shadows in Dream-Time (1990), exposing the marginalization of a widow in modern India. Her debut volume of poetry B(r)oken Moon is a straight-from-the-heart collection. Divided into five sections, each begins with an epigraph; lines from Ralph Nazareth’s Glass frame the book and the other epigraphs are from John Keats, Sahir Ludhianvi, and Rabindranath Tagore. Her poems combine the visual and the aural, and alliteration lifts the poetic tenor to the sublime. The phraseology is worth noting: “bashful beauty of violets”, “whisper of the willows”, “The airless ambience”, “mosaic of memory”, “The warp of thought/The weft of feeling”. In the poem “International Women’s Day” Mallah contests the empty rhetoric charted out in seminars and meetings: The hall resounds with names like Gargi and Maitreyi From male chauvinistic lips, But many a Gargi is gagged, And many a Maitreyi muzzled, For the women waiting in the wings are finally told that there is no time for them to speak.
Poet and art curator, bina sarkar ellias has published her new book of poems, Fuse. This comes after her chapbook The Room. Aptly referred to by the poet as scribbles, tentative forays into solitary reflection, ellias’s poetry resonates with the thoughts of the introspective wanderer. The poems begin as ponderous thoughts and acquire sharp tone and form as they shift focus to a range of settings: from Calcutta to Kabul, Tokyo to Istanbul, and Palestine to Benares. The image of “mute olive trees” (Palestine), the “burning ghat now faintly lit/ by embers of death” (Benares River) are striking. Stylized poetry with one poem written on the same page in two sections or with a word scattered on the page draws attention, as is the case with “smithereens” in the poem “Woman”. “Dust” expresses the realistic social conditions: “a nation of dust/ swallows the poor,/ a nation of lust/ rots to the core/ where ngo lords/ rake in their loot/ and ministers hoard/ and judges are mute.”
Clawed into Water’s Skin is M. K. Ajay’s third collection after Sweetness of Salt and Facsimile of Beliefs. The pattern of movement from Malaysia to the United States and back to India is evident in his poetry. Having spent years abroad, he recreates in poetic forms places and themes ranging from Manhattan to Kozhikode, from soccer to the gulmohar tree. His poems are marked by a fusion of divergent, almost opposing images, yoked together in the same line. He employs a distinct phraseology — “blue sandpaper”, “aluminium whiskers”, “glasshouse cacti”, “bloody buoyancy”.
Oriya poet Bibhu Padhi’s 10th collection Midnight Diary takes the reader through various shades of life. From the first days of “harvesting” when the “body wants to be/ among the rice fields” to the rivers “Kathjodi” and “Mahanadi” in Cuttack; the locales of Orissa form both the backdrop and the site of activity in Padhi’s poems.
S. A. Hamid is Professor of English at Kumaon University, Almora. Phrases in The Ontology of Desire, his third collection of verse, remind one of the sensuousness of the metaphysical poets: “violent desire”, “naked lust”, “sublimated desire”. At the same time, poems such as “My Ancestral House” focus on a struggle with the feudal past: “The desire to be free,/ and the compulsion of birth/ keeps me taut as a rope/ pulled in opposite directions”. The Songs from the Hills is academician and poet Charanjeet Kaur’s second collection of poetry. The section “My Bookshelf” pays tribute to Pablo Neruda, Emily Dickinson, and Boris Pasternak.
Pashupati Jha, who teaches English at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, has published two new collections of poetry anthologies — Awaiting Eden Again and Taking on Tough Times. Jaydeep Sarangi is another university professor of English to bring out two new volumes of poetry. The Wall and Other Poems makes a plea for a world without borders. It is about a shared tradition through Tagore or the Ichamati River that separates India and Bangladesh and yearns for a revival of friendship through these commonalities.
Poet, journalist, and translator Anupama Raju’s debut poetry collection Nine makes its mark on the literary landscape. Raju was also the poet for the collaborative Indo-French Poetry and Photography Project (2011–2014). The poems “Voices Overheard on the Beach in the Minimes”, “The Last Supper”, and “The Wait” belong to this collaborative work. The poems and the photographs create a graphic poetic image. The number nine remains the pivot for this collection as the ninth letter of the alphabet “I”, the number nine, and the navarasas (the nine emotions of Sanskrit aesthetics).
A prolific writer and translator, Ravi Shanker or Ra Sh from Palakkad (Kerala) has published a unique collection of poetry, Architecture of Flesh. It is true to its title in that there is a new architecture, a new dynamic at work in this collection of 51 poems. The title poem jolts us out of our complacence, reminding us of incidents of crime against women; from Ngariyan Maring in Manipur, Gajapati in Orissa, and Khairlanji in Maharashtra the gruesome incidents of rape remind one of the Delhi rape case in December 2012. The tiny footnote at the end sharpens our perspective clarifying the intention of the poem. “Black” presents a string of images that defy the colour black. The voice of protest marks each of his poems and reminds the reader of cases and issues forgotten in the rancid pile up of paper.
Joshy K. J. from Kerala is a professor of economics at Christ University, Bangalore. He has brought out two poetry collections in 2015: Grey Haired Years and Wings of Western Ghats. The poems make use of the long stanza form. Poems such as “A Devadasi Girl”, from Grey Haired Years, end with a jolt: “The temple, hilltop, a resting place, awaited her return/ Each moment of her busy days in a brothel in the street!” The “Little Lizard’s Story” is playful, whereas the poems in Western Ghats capture memories of a lifetime.
Akhil Katyal’s debut collection of poems, Night Charge Extra is a collection of 64 poems that range from issues of language to same sex relationships. In “My Grandfather”, the poet’s remarks about Urdu and Hindi strike a chord: “What grandfather and I/ do not know – Urdu, Hindi – / lie in each other’s glass, in/ each other’s loss, in their/ remaining on our tongue, and yet,/ as we try, in their flying from our eye”. The poem “One Day, When He Was” is a sharp comment on the social landscape. When a child tells his mother how he is unaware of his caste, the Mother’s response in this brief poem is hard-hitting: “‘Beta,/ if you don’t know it by/ now, it must be upper’”.
Multilingual translator, poet, and writer, Bina Biswas’s collection Half a Life shows the conscious stroke of a woman writer. “She was a Woman Once”, “I am History”, “She Was All but Me” and many others express the plight of women in society. “I had been a woman from history/ ravaged and loved/ smashed underfoot and then entombed/ I had heard even a caged bird sing!” Indira Babbellapati has published numerous anthologies of translated work. From the Biography of an Unknown Woman is a poetic novella, retelling a woman’s story through fragments that form a continuous whole. The poetic voice meanders through journal entries of an ordinary woman to bring in the anguish of being an average woman in “middle class” society.
After Deluges (2014), Varsha Singh’s second collection of poems Unbangled is an example in brevity and conciseness. Clarity of thought with crisp images helps capture voices of dissent and rebellion. The title poem presents this explicitly: “threats they are/ when unbangled!” In the poem, “they” has not been qualified and thus stands for any thought straying away from the confines of all that has been bangled or contained. A voice from the hills, Supriya Kumar Dhaliwal has brought out her second collection of poems, Musings of Miss Yellow. Her first collection, Myriads, came out when she was 16. The beautiful and haunting locales of Shimla find voice in “Sunset at the Ridge” as “The petals of rose smudge the/setting sun and its backdrop”.
Writer and socio-linguist, Dipika Mukherjee’s collection The Third Glass of Wine follows her poetry chapbook, The Palimpsest of Exile. The anxieties of women can be seen in poems such as “Migration, Exile…These Are Men’s words”, “Siesta”, “Cartouche”, and many others in this collection. “Migration” reflects on women and their silenced voices: “Women have always been torn up/ like rice seedlings to be replanted”.
Architect Preeti Rana’s debut collection Digital Footprint presents poems written in lower case letters. The poems are striking for their use of food imagery that creates savoury, tangy pictures in the mind. In “Back/Rocca”, Rana writes: “I toss some/ With mustard/ And churn a paste/ Olive-oil salt/ To taste”.
Poetry from the north-east touches the heart as it evokes a serene and picturesque landscape in the mind. Pertinent issues of concern are etched out against this backdrop. Gankhu Sumnyan of the Nocte tribe of Arunachal Pradesh has brought out the poetry collection Old Friend’s Parade. In “Of Arunachal” the landscape appears in precise poetic lines. “Old Friend’s Parade” and “Loss” capture moments of friendship: “So it was us two who entertained,/ who laughed for and/ at ourselves”.
Mizo poet Laldawngliani Chawngthu (who uses the pen name Dawngi Chawngthu) has published her first collection of poetry. The 55 poems in Of Butterflies and Lullabies draw extensively on her personal life. “Lucky Zo Lanu” reflects on the upbringing of young Mizo girls on “what to wear/ – and how to talk/ – on how to cook/ – and manage home/ – on how to raise children/ – and be a model daughter-in-law!”.
Kynpham Sing Nongkynrih from Shillong has published Time’s Barter: Haiku and Senryu, his second poetry collection after The Yearning of Seeds. The haikus and senryus capture the fleeting moments of time. Born in Shillong, the Gujarat-based poet, Purabi Bhattacharya in her collection Call Me writes about home in a series of eight poems followed by “Hometown Tales”. Her peoms combine cultural echoes of the landscape of the north-east and those of Bengal and Gujarat.
Kiran Nagarkar’s Bedtime Story is the best play published in 2015. Written during the troubled Emergency period in India, Bedtime Story is a reinterpretation of the grand Indian epic Mahabharata in the modern world. The play was censored and prevented from being performed for 17 years. It was finally staged in 1995 and published only now. The epic characters set in the present times are criss-crossed by disturbing instances from the modern world. It is an interventionist play which begins with the Eklavya episode and Dronacharya’s rejection of the future king of the Bhils as his pupil, because he is a tribal. In another scene, Arjun and Eklavya are medical students and friends, the former from the upper caste and the latter an untouchable. The cycle of exploitation is repeated in the contemporary set-up and Arjun watches on as his friend is brutally beaten and castrated. In Draupadi’s Brother’s words, “Crush his balls. Let’s castrate the whole tribe. No Mahar is ever going to lay his hands on our girls”. Another scene in the play presents the context of the 1970s that finds resonance in explicit and implicit battles fought today. Black Tulip, the screenplay included in the book, is a gripping thriller. It has two strong female characters — Rani Agarkar, a yoga teacher and con artist, and Regina Fielding, the ACP (Assistant Commissioner of Police). Rani’s finesse in fleecing people and Regina’s acumen in unravelling a case keeps the reader riveted to the last.
Poet, novelist, and transcreator Gopikrishnan Kottoor’s play The Nectar of the Gods is about the execution of Devasahayam, a Nair noble in King Marthanda Varma’s palace (1706–1758), on account of his conversion to Christianity. The historical context of the play of the Dutch in Travancore gives many insights into late eighteenth-century southern India. However, the 300-page play is to be read rather than staged.
Anthony Fernandez’ play Emerging Kerala focuses on the problems of the Communist party in Kerala. The theoretical party policy ends up undermining its own dignity, losing elections, and murdering an erstwhile party member. Even as Pratyush’s murder at the hands of his former party saddens, it also leaves a glimmer of hope reminding us of the change-oriented new generation.
Life, Music, Action! by Anindita Banerji is a collection of three plays and a one-act play. “The Forever Story” bases itself on the creation myth and is about Mephistopheles’s failed attempt at tempting an ordinary peasant. The next play in the collection, “Cal-cat-ta’s Dog-gone Catastrophe” is a spoof on the keepers of Heaven. The locale of the play is Kolkata, a metaphor for a more realistic heaven. Kolkata with its simplicity, its cricket, cats, and the fish is seen as a more desirable place. The third play, “‘Don’t Say ‘No’, Adrija” focuses on the problems faced by educated and independent-minded women. Despite a more broad-minded upbringing, parents continue to visualize the daughter’s future in marriage. Written in the style of a modern-day rom-com the play could well be a script for a Bollywood film. But the humour and the happy ending are laced with deeper issues related to money and the stereotypes surrounding women’s lives. It is with the one-act play – “TERROR–ISM: Will It Make a Good Story?” that the playwright comes into her own and adopts a more independent style. The play is set in the Editor’s office; he is planning to introduce a new show on survivors of terrorism. Along with him, Shobha, a young journalist, discusses the upcoming show. She raises the question of what will qualify as terror. The play raises the question of whether acid attack survivors, rape victims, and many others are to be considered survivors of terror.
Three historical novels of the year present a critique of colonialism as they faithfully recreate history. Flood of Fire is the third volume of Amitav Ghosh’s Ibis trilogy. The central character here is Kesri Singh, just mentioned in passing in Sea of Poppies as the brother of Deeti, with whom she leaves her daughter Kabutri. It begins with Havildar Kesri Singh at the age of 35, proudly leading his sepoys on a march through Assam. The various skirmishes in the opium war in China are recreated in great detail, though the narrative tends to flag with the plethora of military minutiae. The trilogy is a remarkable feat of historical research; we get an insight into the lives of the sepoys recruited by the East India Company and the attitude of the British who give them inferior weapons while the latest rifles are issued to British soldiers. All the characters from Sea of Poppies and River of Smoke reach Canton for a grand finale, with the Raja, his son Raju, Kaluva, and Kesri Singh escaping aboard the Ibis when the British are busy celebrating their victory.
Jinnah Often Came to Our House, Kiran Doshi’s third novel, recreates the social history of a rich family in Bombay in the first half of the twentieth century. Rehana’s father encourages her to go to college, even though the elders of the Kowaishi families do not approve. Sultan, the son of a rich businessman, who has qualified as a lawyer in England, falls in love with Rehana. His childhood friend Dhondav Khote, who sacrifices everything to follow Gandhiji, is an important influence on her. After their marriage, we see the slow modernization of the family with the girls being educated. Soon after he returns from England, Sultan meets Jinnah, a successful lawyer. The novel traces Jinnah’s career over the years; we see him working for Hindu–Muslim harmony, in the beginning, and slowly turning into a promoter of the two-nation theory. The novel is based on personal accounts of people who lived through that period — primarily Doshi’s mother-in-law Umrao Baig, the wife of a rich barrister (Mohammad Ali Jinnah was a friend and frequent visitor to their house in Bombay).
Keki Daruwalla’s second novel Ancestral Affairs is a historical novel with inputs from family lore. It opens in 1947 in Junagadh, a small princely state whose ruler wants to join Pakistan rather than India. There are two distinct narrative voices: of Saam Bharucha who has gone to Junagadh as advisor to the Nawab and of his son Rohinton who goes to Bombay and later to medical college in Kanpur. The novel provides an insight into Parsi history and manners through the various stories recounted by Rohinton, who feels the “need to say something about my ancestors”. Another historical novel intimately linked to the author’s own experiences is Room 000 – Narratives of the Bombay Plague by Kalpish Ratna, the pen name of Ishrat Syed (a general surgeon) and Kalpana Swaminathan (a paediatric surgeon). It traces the response of the authorities to plague when it struck Bombay in 1896.
Lynsdale Raj by Hugh and Colleen Gantzer, set in the eighteenth century, owes more to imagination than to historical fact. The novel presents the corruption and narrow-mindedness of the British community in Madras when the hero comes to India to make his fortune. Biswakesh Tripathy’s In the Cradle of the Seven Sisters is set in 1700 BCE, and shows the high ethical standards of the Indus Valley Civilization. The Aryan hordes which make these people move to south India are seen as cruel and uncivilized, with a belief in slavery and the subjugation of women. Royina Grewal, who revealed her talent for descriptive prose in books like Sacred Virgin: Travels Along the Narmada (1994), has turned to fiction in Babur, Conqueror of Hindustan. Her representation of Babur shows him as a Renaissance man, the first ruler to write an autobiography.
Neelum Saran Gour’s fifth novel Invisible Ink portrays Hindu–Muslim relations in Allahabad over the last 50 years through the story of two childhood friends, Amina and Rekha, who live in adjacent portions of Bulbul Kothi. Rekha’s narrative goes back and forth in time, as she recollects the past. They could enter each other’s houses by walking across the common terrace, but now Amina cannot buy a house in the locality because she is a Muslim.
Anjum Hasan’s third novel, The Cosmopolitans, is a novel of ideas, examining the significance of art and what it means to be cosmopolitan. The serious theme is enlivened by wit and humour and a delightfully different protagonist, a 53-year-old woman.
Kiran Nagarkar’s Rest in Peace is the third novel featuring Ravan and Eddie, after Ravan and Eddie (1995) and The Extras (2012). The two young men, one Hindu and the other Christian, neighbours in a Bombay tenement, are determined to become big film stars. They become successful music directors in Bollywood, but their luck deserts them, and they end up transporting corpses to funeral pyres. Like cartoon characters, they bounce up again after every misadventure in this hilarious comedy.
When the River Sleeps by Easterine Kire won The Hindu Prize for fiction. It is the story of 48-year-old Vilie, who prefers to live in the forest, away from his village. He keeps dreaming of a river — a stone from the river bed, taken when the river sleeps, can confer limitless power and wealth. The novel has beautiful descriptions of Nagaland’s landscape. The natural mingles with the supernatural as Vilie fights weretigers and all kinds of spirits to possess the stone. Avinuo Kire’s The Power to Forgive and Other Stories is another work which gives us a glimpse of life in Nagaland. Zorami: A Redemption Song by Malsawmi Jacob is the first novel from Mizoram, a small state in north-east India, neighbouring Nagaland.
Two works of fiction show the exploitation of the Adivasis. Hansda Sowendra Shekhar’s The Adivasi Will Not Dance: Stories presents vignettes of the life of the tribal people of Chotanagpur, their resistance and their attempts to cope with change. Amar Mudi is a bilingual writer, with two books in Bangla to his credit. His first English novel, Curse of Badam Pahar, is based on real events of the 1960s and 70s, when the tribal people were driven out of their homes because their land was rich in iron ore.
Salman Rushdie’s Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights narrates events that happen when the barrier between the world of jinns and the human world breaks down. The disputation between Ibn Rushd (1126–1198) who advocated reason and Al-Ghazali (1058–1111) who believed that all interactions are due to the Will of God, starts afresh when their ghosts start fighting with each other a millennium after their death. The evil spirits invoked by Al-Ghazali can be defeated only by the children of Dunia (“world” in Hindi), a powerful jinn princess who has fallen in love with Ibn Rushd. Rushdie enjoys playing with words: he uses the name “Ibn Rushd” rather than Averroes for the Andalusian polymath, perhaps to imply his own descent from this defender of reason. The battle between the evil spirits and the great-great-great-great grandchildren of Dunia goes on for the 1001 nights of the title. The novel is full of references to history, politics, legends, and current issues like religious fundamentalism, terrorism, the plight of refugees, racial and religious profiling, a government “enthusiastically proscribing things”, etc. There are long (and boring) descriptions of the world of jinns, male and female, who engage in sex all the time. Rushdie’s imagination has run wild, with none of the freshness which distinguished Haroun and the Sea of Stories.
Rushdie’s chroniclers live a millennium in the future. Manjula Padmanabhan’s play for children, Astro-Nuts: An Intergalactic Comedy (first published in 2007) is also set in the future, when contact with alien cultures has taken place. Eleven representatives from various regions of the earth and six non-human members attend the General Assembly of the Galactic Union. Padmanabhan’s new novel Island of Lost Girls is a sequel to Escape (2008), which presented a dystopia where women were exterminated. Meiji, the only surviving girl, escapes with the help of the youngest of three brothers. Her struggle to survive continues in Island of Lost Girls, helped by her uncle Youngest. Sowmya Rajendran’s debut novel The Lesson presents a dystopia where the only role of women is reproduction, as children are a valuable asset. Women who are keen on studies and not in favour of marriage are taught a lesson by the rapist, who does his job without emotion or lust. The Lesson is a depressing but powerful satire on the subjugation of women.
Anuradha Roy’s third novel Sleeping on Jupiter won the DSC Prize in 2016. It is an account of the five days that 25-year-old Nomita Frederiksen and three elderly women spend in the temple town of Jarmuli. Nomita is hardly seven years old when her father and brother are murdered and she is taken to an ashram, where she is sexually abused. She manages to run away and starts living in Norway after she is adopted. She has come back to Jharmuli in search of her mother. Roy’s recreation of the life of Jarmuli rings so true that we start believing that it is a real town; the four characters are portrayed with great complexity. The influential Guruji who runs the ashram is shown sexually abusing the young girls. The “scars and bruises and cigarette burns” on the bodies of the girls seem like a scene from a Bollywood melodrama. Sleeping on Jupiter presents an altogether bleak (though not untrue) picture of India, with its ill treatment of women and children.
Raj Kamal Jha’s fourth novel She Will Build Him a City was shortlisted for the DSC Prize. It begins with a mother trying to reach out to her daughter, a young man boarding a train of the Delhi Metro, “He is going to kill and he is going to die”, and a baby boy abandoned on the doorstep of an orphanage. The novel offers vivid descriptions of the city and its suburbs but the different stories do not link up and it seems as if Delhi is meant to be the protagonist.
Anita Nair’s eighth work of fiction, Alphabet Soup for Lovers, has a much smaller canvas than Idris: Keeper of the Light (2014); it is the unexciting story of Shoola Pani, a film star on a self-imposed retreat in a tea garden in the Anamalai Hills in south India who has an affair with his landlady Lena. The title of the novel comes from the cook Komathi’s desire to learn the English alphabet; her granddaughter suggests that she could learn it easily if she linked each character to a familiar food item: “a” for arisi appalam, for example.
Saikat Majumdar’s second novel The Firebird is set in Calcutta. The central character, 10-year-old Oritro, is the grandson of a barrister, living in a big house controlled by his widowed grandmother. But his life is destroyed because of the prejudice against his mother, a stage actress. The novelist successfully recreates the stifling atmosphere of the orthodox household and the stranglehold of the Party. Kunal Basu’s fifth novel Kalkatta has a very different representation of the city. It features a family of illegal immigrants from Bangladesh living in a one-room tenement. The family’s hopes are pinned on young Jamshed, but he drops out of school, joins the local gangsters and moves through the underbelly of the city. He makes enough money as a gigolo to support his family, but his past catches up with him.
Sunjeev Sahota’s second novel The Year of the Runaways was shortlisted for the 2015 Man Booker Prize. It presents one year in the life of four Indian immigrants who have all come to Britain with dreams of a better life. The novel shows us the misery of their lives, trudging from place to place in search of employment, facing contempt and racial discrimination, always haunted by the fear of being caught and deported.
Krishna Udayasankar’s new novel 3 is based on the founding legends of Singapore in the thirteenth century. The protagonist is Prince Nila Utama, who established a port and trading centre on Tumasik, a small island at the end of the Malay peninsula. He named it Singapore (“Lion City”) after his vision of a lion when he was shipwrecked. Nila’s character is delineated well and his preoccupation with what it means to be a king is the central theme of the novel. This historical novel is quite different from Udayasankar’s earlier work: the bestselling trilogy, The Aryavarta Chronicles (Govinda, 2012, Kaurava, 2013, and Kurukshetra, 2014) based on the Mahabharata and the Puranas.
Works based on Indian mythology proliferate. Two works stand out in terms of form — Karthika Nair’s Until the Lions: Echoes from the Mahabharata (which won the Tata Literature Live! Book of the Year award for fiction) and Chindu Sreedharan’s Epic Retold: Mahabharata#TwitterFiction#Bhima which has 270 tweets, with Bhima as the narrator. Anuja Chandramouli’s Kamadeva: The God of Desire, Kavita Kane’s Menaka’s Choice, and Utkarsh Patel’s Shakuntala: The Woman Wronged, have original representations of these figures. Gautam Chikermane in The Tunnel of Varanavat and Aditya Iyengar’s The Thirteenth Day develop particular episodes of the Mahabharata. Kamesh Ramakrishna’s debut novel, The Last Kaurava, takes great liberties with the Mahabharata in the characterization of Bhishma, the protagonist. Ramakrishna’s retelling of the Mahabharata avoids all fantastic elements; his setting is an ecological crisis — the drying up of the river Saraswati. Amish Tripathi has begun a series based on the central figure of the Ramayana; Scion of Ikshvaku is the first volume of the “Ram Chandra” series. This follows the success of his trilogy presenting Lord Shiva as a human leader. Sharath Komarraju has published three novels in 2015: a mystery, The Crows of Agra, with the legendary Birbal of Akbar’s court as detective; Nari which explores the theme of sexual exploitation through the story of Narayana, a 17-year-old village boy who is brought to the city of Hyderabad by a retired army officer who is married to a woman young enough to be his daughter, and The Rise of Hastinapur, the sequel to The Winds of Hastinapur (2013), a feminist retelling of the Mahabharata.
More than 40 first novels appeared in 2015. Shanta Acharya, author of five books of poetry, has published a novel, A World Elsewhere, which raises issues like dowry demands, divorce, and violence against women. Swati Chanda’s first novel Drowning Fish explores mother–daughter relationships and the meaning of home through the experiences of three generations — Neelanjana, a young woman who goes to the United States to lead an independent life, her mother, and her grandmother. Gaurav Parab’s Rustom and the Last Storyteller of Almora is a light-hearted yarn about Rustom Iraqiwallah, a Parsi with little business sense who has become bankrupt by betting on horses. His friend stops him from attempting suicide and sends him to a holy man in Almora who provides spiritual solace to people by telling them stories.
The Devourers by Indra Das and Don’t Let Him Know by Sandip Roy were shortlisted for the Tata Literature Live! First Book Award, which went to Red Maize by Danesh Rana. Don’t Let Him Know begins with the widowed Romola visiting her son Amit who is living in California with his American wife and son. Her son gives her a 40-year-old letter, sent to his father from Sumit, a former lover. The novel deals with issues of sexuality and the attempts of the characters to hide it. The Devourers features shape-shifters who live for centuries by devouring human beings (We wonder why it was shortlisted for the award).
Twenty-five years ago, 350,000 Kashmiri Hindus (“Pandits”) were driven out of their homes by militants. The year 2015 witnessed the publication of novels, short stories, poems, and essays about life in Kashmir now and the fate of Pandits living as refugees. Danesh Rana’s debut novel Red Maize, set in the hills of Jammu, adjacent to the Kashmir valley, captures the pervasive hatred and violence of a land that is caught between the terrorists and the Indian army sent in to combat them. Rana is an I.P.S. (Indian Police Service) officer of the Jammu and Kashmir cadre, and has personal experience of ground realities.
Journalist Humra Quraishi’s Kashmir: The Untold Story (2004) was based on her coverage of events in Kashmir from 1990. Her first novel Meer (2015) centres around a young woman searching for her lover Meer and newborn baby in Srinagar. The security forces are depicted as pure evil — all their victims go mad.
Thousands of Kashmiri Pandits continue to live as refugees, hoping to return to the homes and orchards they abandoned. Forced to live in camps in Jammu or one-room tenements, many elderly people died because of the heat and the loss of their accustomed life. A Long Dream of Home: The Persecution, Exile and Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits presents the memoirs of Pandits in exile. Another anthology, From Home to House, has short stories and essays by three generations of Pandits — those who were in their 50s when they escaped, those who fled as teenagers, and the generation born in refugee camps. Suvir Kaul’s Of Gardens and Graves contains essays on life in Kashmir after 1990 as well as translations of poems written in Kashmiri.
Siddhartha Gigoo was born in Srinagar in 1974 and fled Kashmir in 1990. He won the 2015 Commonwealth Short Story Prize for the Asia region for “The Umbrella Man”, which presents an inmate of a lunatic asylum waiting for rain. Like his novel, The Garden of Solitude (2010), many of the 16 stories in A Fistful of Earth and Other Stories deal with the life of Kashmiris after the rise of militancy. The economy of language is impressive; whether it is narration or description, Gigoo brings the scene alive. “The Search”, the longest story in the collection, is an allegory with a surrealistic touch: the narrator is researching in the “Museum of the Disappearing Clans”. “The Incurable Madness of the Municipal Commissioner” hints at a supernatural element. “The Pilgrimage” is not specifically about Kashmir; it is about a father’s relationship with his sons.
Neelum Saran Gour’s Allahabad Aria has eight perfectly crafted stories, each unique in terms of style and content. The first story is about a young boy’s relationship with his alcoholic father. The next story, “The Day I Met My Ideal Reader” is pure comedy, narrated in the first person. “Under the Bodhi Tree” is a searing presentation of the exploitation of the rural poor. “The Paan-woman of Khusrau Bagh” is set in the seventeenth century. “The Drawbridge” reveals the horror of war; 40 years after the events, an officer of the Indian army writes down a true account of what happened when fighting the Chinese in the Himalayas in 1962. In “The Last Telegram of Allahabad”, Gour lovingly recreates the excitement (and fear) that receiving a telegram (“those pretty pink sheets with the typewritten words pasted on”) would generate. It is the story of a professor of English who woos his student Anita by sending telegrams. The last story, “The Diary of Gyan Prakash”, is a delightful spoof of news about Allahabad.
The Patna Manual of Style by Siddharth Chowdhary was shortlisted for The Hindu Prize for fiction. The nine stories in the collection are notable for their wit and humour and realistic presentation of life in present day Delhi. Many of the stories revolve around Hriday Thakur, the young man from Patna who comes to study at the University of Delhi, in Chowdhary’s novel Day Scholar (2010). The stories contain references to actual people and places in Delhi, such as the novelist Anuradha Marwah of Zakir Husain College. His characters freely acknowledge their caste prejudices, whereas most Indian English writers prefer to skirt around the issue.
Cyrus Mistry won the DSC Prize for his second novel, Chronicles of a Corpse Bearer (2012). 28:32Passion Flower: Seven Stories of Derangement shows that he is equally gifted in the shorter form. Each story centres around a strange character, as the subtitle warns us. The ordinary people in the stories are cruel and insensitive; such is Mistry’s empathy for his characters that we are left questioning what “normal” means. His intimate knowledge of Parsi ways enables him to build up the daily life of the characters through telling details. The poet Darius Cooper’s The Fuss about Queens and Other Stories (2014) is another volume where Parsis figure prominently.
Tiger of Bhanwar Nalla and Other Stories, Ramarao Annavarapu’s first book, has nine short stories. They deal with basic human emotions and remind one of the work of R. K. Narayan, both for the economy of language as well as the presentation of middle-class life in the second quarter of the twentieth century. The title story has touches of the supernatural, with railwaymen spotting a tiger which leaves no pug marks. Eight of the 11 stories in Bulbul Sharma’s Travels with My Aunts appeared earlier in My Sainted Aunts (1992). Twenty-three of the 31 stories in Breasts and Other Afflictions of Women (2014) by R. K. Biswas have appeared earlier in magazines. The stories are about a variety of situations faced by women, young or old, rich or poor, married or single, and serve to present a true picture of women in contemporary India. Shinie Antony has published her fourth collection of short stories, The Orphanage for Words; most of the stories fail to engage our attention, as the crises which the women agonize over strike us as trivial. Neeru Iyer’s debut collection of short stories has more engaging characters.
Ramesh K. Srivastava has written widely on Indian English literature; he is the author of two novels and two collections of short stories, Games They Play and Other Stories (1989) and Under the Lamp (1993). A Christmas Gift and Other Stories contains stories originally published in journals and popular magazines. They are about day-to-day life in India, but the characters and their emotions have universal significance. Mahesh Rao’s One Point Two Billion contains 13 short stories set in different states of India, a country with a population of 1.2 billion. Though the setting of each story is different and Rao employs many narrative voices, there is no thematic variety — they are all stories of loss and deprivation.
Indian English children’s literature is flourishing (the bibliography lists only a small selection). A lot of popular fiction has appeared. Anuja Chauhan’s The House That BJ Built is an enjoyable blend of romance and social satire. It is a sequel to her bestselling Those Pricey Thakur Girls (2013) and takes up the story 20 years later; we get a rather unflattering picture: the five beautiful sisters have grown up into not very likeable women, fighting over their share of the ancestral house in Delhi, now worth several crore rupees. A notable feature of this and many other new works is the growing use of Hindi words; Chand, the third of the sisters, is obsessed with her “hissa” (share), though she keeps declaring that she is not interested in money: it is mere “mael” (dirt).
Unlike his earlier novels which dealt with international crime, Ravi Subramaniam’s The Bestseller She Wrote presents the emotional turmoil of the protagonist Aditya Kapoor (who bears a resemblance to the author), a bestselling novelist. Forty-year-old Aditya finds himself drawn into an affair with young Shreya, who uses his help to write a bestseller. When he rejects Shreya, she responds by filing a case against him for sexual harassment and also charges him with plagiarism. The novel takes on shades of a whodunnit when Aditya realizes that Shreya could not have inserted these passages. Another novel where the protagonist resembles the author is Child/God by Ketan Bhagat who is Chetan Bhagat’s younger brother. Raghav Malhotra is always compared unfavourably with his elder brother Rishi, a bestselling novelist with a brilliant academic career. The novel satirically recreates the way the whole neighbourhood celebrates Rishi’s admission in I.I.T. (the Indian Institute of Technology). Raghav’s life is going downhill when a co-passenger on board a plane advises him to learn from his baby son; this completely transforms his life.
The Perfect Candidate is the second book of T. Dasu’s Spy, Interrupted trilogy. The Waiting Wife (2014) ended with New England aristocrat Stephen Edward James deciding to run for a seat in the U.S. Senate. We get a ringside view of electioneering in the U.S., though the love between Stephen and his Hindu wife Nina continues to occupy centre stage.
A. B. Chakravorty’s novel Split Second has an interesting plot. In a surprising twist, it is a psychiatrist and a physics expert who solve the mystery of a missing woman. Arpita Chipkar’s Are You Magic or Am I a Trick is a romance with an original plot — a bestselling author’s hero comes to life and attends her book event.
Many thrillers, detective stories, and romances have appeared. Deja Karma is not a run-of-the-mill mystery, but a dual narrative; the third-person omniscient thread is interspersed with the protagonist Jay Singh’s own account. Singh is a highly paid defence lawyer, struggling to come to terms with the past — he was just a student in college when his father was murdered, and his mother pleaded guilty. Piyush Jha has a woman police officer tracing the killer in Raakshas: India’s No. 1 Serial Killer; the novelist reveals incidents in their past which have made the criminal and the policewoman who they are. Poet and translator Gopikrishnan Kottoor’s third novel, Hill House: A View from West Hill also focuses on the psychology of a serial killer.
S. Hussain Zaidi, author of non-fiction books such as Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia (2012), has published his first novel, Mumbai Avengers. It is a fast-paced thriller about six Indians who track down and kill the masterminds behind the terrorist attack in Mumbai in November 2008, which killed 160 people. Vishesh Sharma’s The Lost Temple and Dev Prasad’s The Curse of Surya are thrillers which use incidents from Indian mythology and history. In Shobha Nihalani’s Unresolved, the focus is on the psychology of the wife who finds that her husband, who claims to be in the police, is actually a mercenary hired to kill inconvenient whistle-blowers. Business Unusual is Sharmila Kantha’s second novel with Ramji as detective; she recreates middle-class life in Delhi vividly. Sourabh Mukherjee’s first novel, The Shadows of Death is set in Calcutta, like Suparna Chatterjee’s sequel to her All Bengali Crime Detectives (2011).
Madhulika Liddle’s works are classic detective novels in the style of Sherlock Holmes — the reader is given enough clues along the way, but it takes the detective to solve the mystery. Crimson City is the fourth book with Muzaffar Jang, a 25-year-old Mughal nobleman as detective. The series is remarkable for Liddle’s evocation of mid-seventeenth century Delhi through telling details of the architecture, dress, customs, and society of the period.
A work of non-fiction won the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar (an award for young writers). Raghu Karnad’s Farthest Field: An Indian Story of the Second World War is an imaginative recreation of the thoughts and experiences of three Indians who died during the war. Raghu Karnad (dramatist and actor Girish Karnad’s son) starts with a photograph of three young men, his mother’s father and two uncles, and builds up their lives through vivid details. He reveals the pressures on Indians serving in an army which enforces British domination, and many British officers’ contempt for Indians. Yasmin Khan is a professor of history at Oxford University. In The Raj at War: A People’s History of India’s Second World War she shows that “Britain did not fight the Second World War, the British Empire did” by highlighting the contribution of civilians like nurses, road builders, farmers, and traders, and soldiers who fought and died on remote battlefields, doing their duty in spite of racist discrimination. Journalist and historian Shrabani Basu, author of Spy Princess: The Life of Noor Inayat Khan (2007) has written about the personal lives of Indian soldiers in For King and Another Country: Indian Soldiers on the Western Front 1914–18.
Poet, novelist, and literary critic Tabish Khair’s Babu Fictions: Alienation in Indian English Novels (2001) is an important contribution to Indian English literary criticism. The New Xenophobia reveals his scholarship in the areas of political science and economics; he argues persuasively that xenophobia now is linked to global capitalism, and the situation is likely to worsen. Shashi Tharoor’s India Shastra: Reflections on the Nation in Our Time is a collection of 100 articles and essays, taking into account the 2014 landslide victory of the Bharatiya Janata Party and the decimation of his political party, the Indian National Congress. Two women novelists have published books about the places they love. Neelum Saran Gour’s Three Rivers and a Tree: The Story of Allahabad University is an enchanting series of anecdotes about Allahabad university, the second oldest in India — its establishment, how it attracted leading intellectuals and the many literary and political celebrities who studied or taught there; she does not gloss over its current poor state. Tulsi Badrinath’s Madras, Chennai and the Self: Conversations with the City provides a historical perspective of the city and the names Chennai and Madras. The city is recreated through a series of mini-biographies of people from various social strata and occupations who constitute it, so that the place is seen through various eyes, including the author’s.
Chetan Bhagat, the best-selling novelist, pontificates about India’s problems in Making India Awesome: New Essays and Columns. Mrs. Funnybones by Twinkle Khanna is another book based on the writer’s newspaper columns. It is a hilarious mixture of autobiography and fiction about issues faced by an upper middle-class woman in India. There are 26 chapters, from Chapter A “Am I an Idiot” to Z, “Zip your mouth for God’s sake”. Readers outside India may not find the humour equally appealing because of the many topical references. Three Seasons by Latha Anantharaman is in the form of a diary covering one year; she describes her experiences with gardening when she and her husband build a house on a piece of land in rural Kerala, imagining that they would lead a life of peace and quiet, but the land takes over their lives.
The Diaspora Writes Home: Subcontinental Narratives by Jasbir Jain is a comprehensive critique of the diasporic experience. She examines diasporic Indian writers settled all over the world. Jain does not restrict herself to writers in English; she explores diasporic writing in Punjabi by writers like Harpreet Singh Sekha and Harbhajan Hans. One of the most interesting essays in the book is “A Bit of India: Under African Skies” devoted to four writers — Ronnie Govender, Farida Karodia, M. G. Vassanji, and Abraham Verghese — who relate to India in different ways. Three significant anthologies of critical essays appeared. Dalit Literatures in India has 21 essays by eminent scholars like Jasbir Jain, G. N. Devy, and the late M. S. S. Pandian. In addition to studies dealing with history, politics, and issues of language and conversion, the volume has studies of Dalit texts from various languages of India. It also has papers on two texts written by non-Dalits: Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things and Srividya Natarajan’s graphic novel A Gardener in the Waste Land. Most of the papers in Fields of Play: Sport, Literature and Culture explore the representation of sport in art, literature, and film in the Indian context; however, there are studies on The Hunger Games trilogy and Quidditch. Humour: Texts, Contexts has 55 papers presented at a conference in 2013. There is a great variety in critical studies published in 2015: authors taken up for study range from Orhan Pamuk to Eudora Welty, Angela Carter, Kingsley Amis, and Shashi Tharoor. Films, newspaper columns, and cartoons are also analysed.
