This research assessed the differences and similarities between direct per
spectives and metaperspectives toward downward communication styles.
A content analysis of messages produced by 120 beginning managers
revealed that while the managers overwhelmingly endorsed a non-directive
style of communication, they expected compliance from the subordinate
only when a directive/autocratic style of communication was utilized. The
results indicate that conflict situations can be directly attributed to style
of communication based on expectations of human behavior.
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