What are the Psychological Implications for the Separation/Individuation Process for an African American Family that is Poor?

Allen W. R. (1985). Race, income & family dynamics: A study of adolescent male socialization processes and outcomes. In Spencer M. B. Brookins G. K. Allen W. R. (Eds.), Beginnings: The social & affective development of Black children. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Billingsley A. (1968). Black families in White America. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Billingsley A. (1969, December). Family-functioning in the low-income Black community. Social Casework, pp. 1–15. (Printout from School of Social Work, New York University)

Billingsley A. (1974). Black families and the struggle for survival. New York: Friendship Press.

Bloom M. V. (1980). Adolescent-parental separation. New York: Gardner.

Carter L. Mcgoldrick M. (1980). The family life cycle: A framework for family therapy. New York: Gardner.

Carter L. Rinsley D. B. (1977). Vicissitudes of “empathy” in a borderline adolescent. The International Review of Psycho-analysis, 4, 317–326.

Cooley C. H. (1964). Human nature and the social order. New York: Schocken Books.

Cushman P. (1990). Why the self is empty: Toward a historically situated psychology. American Psychologist, 45, 559–611.

Deutsch H. (1942). Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 11, 301.

Geleerd E. R. (1958). Borderline states in childhood and adolescence. The psychoanalytic study of the child. New York: International Universities Press.

Hess R. D. Shipman V. C. (1965). Early experience and the socialization of cognitive modes in children. Child Development, 36, 869–886.

Kernberg P. F. (1979). Psychoanalytic profile of the borderline adolescent, 7, 234–256.

Knight R. P. (1954). Borderline states. In Knight R. R. Friedman C. R. (Eds.), Psychoanalytic psychiatry and psychology. New York: International Universities Press.

Ladner J. A. (1986). Teenage pregnancy: The implication for Black Americans. In Williams J. D. (Ed.), The state of Black America. New York: National Urban League.

Lundy A. (1990). Diagnosing and treating mental illness. New York: Chelsea House.

Mahler M. S. Pine F. Bergman A. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant. New York: Basic Books.

Mahler M. S. Ross J. R. Jr. Defries Z. (1949). Clinical studies in benign and malignant cases of childhood psychosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 19, 229–305.

Materson J. F. (1972). Treatment of the borderline adolescent: A developmental approach. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

Masterson J. F. (1976). Psychotherapy of the borderline adult: A developmental approach. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Mcadoo H. (ed.). (1981). Black families. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Mcdevitt J. B. (1975). Separation-individuation and object constancy. Journal of the American Psychiatric Association, 23, 713–742.

Minuchin S. Montalvo B. Guerner B. G. Jr. Rosman B. Schumer F. (1967). Families of the slums. New York: Basic Books.

Peters M. F. (1988). Parenting in Black families with young children: A historical perspective. In Mcadoo H. P. (Ed.), Black families (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Pine F. (1979). On the pathology of the separation-individuation process as manifested in later clinical work: An attempt at delineation. International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 60, 225–242.

Rosenfeld S. K. Sprine M. P. (1963). An attempt to formulate the meaning of the concept borderline. The psychoanalytic study of the child. New York: International Universities Press.

Schachtel E. G. (1959). Metamorphosis: On the development of affect, perception, attention, and memory. New York: Basic Books.

Shapiro E. R. (1978). The psychodynamics and developmental psychology of the borderline patient: A review of the literature. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 1305–1315.

Stack C. B. (1974). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a Black community. New York: Harper and Row.

Staples R. (1976). Introduction to Black sociology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Swinton D. (1989). The economic status of Black Americans. In Dewart J. (Ed.), The state of Black America, 1989. New York: National Urban League, Inc.

Winnicott D. W. (1965). Primary maternal preoccupation. In Collected papers. New York: Basic Books.