Altschule, M., & Hegedus, Z. (1976). The importance of studying visceral melanins. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 19(2), 124-134.
2.
Barnes, C. (1988). Melanin: The chemical key to Black greatness. Houston, TX: CB Publishers.
3.
Brace, C., & Montagu, A. (1977). Human evolution: An introduction to biological anthropology. New York: Macmillan.
4.
Brues, A. (1975). Rethinking human pigmentation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 43, 387-392.
5.
Branda, R., & Eaton, J. (1978). Skin color and nutrient photolysis: An evolutionary hypothesis. Science, 201, 625-626.
6.
Byard, P. (1981). Quantitative genetics of human skin color. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology , 24, 123-137.
7.
Byard, P., & Lees, F. (1981). Estimating the number of loci determining skin color in a hybrid population. Annals of Human Biology , 8(1), 49-58.
8.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., & Bodmer, W. F. (1971). The genetics of human populations. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.
9.
Daniels, F., Post, P., & Johnson, B. (1972). Theories in the role of pigment in the evolution of human races. In V. Riley (Ed.), Pigmentation: Its genesis and biological control (pp. 13-22). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
10.
Davis, M., Boyton, M., Ferguson, J., & Rothman, S. (1945). Studies on pigmentation of endocrine origin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, 5, 138-146.
11.
Diop, C. A. (1973). Pigmentation des anciens Egyptiens. Test par la melanie [Pigmentation of the ancient Egyptians. Test for melanin]. Bulletin de l'IFAN, 35(3), Series B., 515-531.
12.
Diop, C. A. (1974). The African origin of civilization: Myth or reality. Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill.
13.
Diop, C. A. (1978). The cultural unity of Black Africa. Chicago, IL: Third World Press.
14.
Diop, C. A. (1981). Civilization or barbarism: An authentic anthropology. Brooklyn, NY: Lawrence Hill.
15.
Everett, M., Nordquist, R. , & Wasik, R. ( 1979 ). Melanosome size and distribution in American Indians . In S. Klaus (Ed.), Pigment cell (Vol. 4, pp. 291-298). Basel: Karger.
16.
Finch, C. (1991). Echoes of the old darkland: Themes from the African Eden. Decatur, GA : Khenti.
17.
Gan, E., Haberman, H., & Menon, A. (1976). Electron transfer properties of melanin. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 173, 666-672.
18.
Garcia, R., Mitchell, R. , Bloom, J., & Szabo, G. (1977). Number of epidermal melanocytes, hair follicles, and sweat ducts in skin of Solomon Islanders . American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 47, 427-434.
19.
Garcia, R., Mitchell, R, Bloom, J., & Szabo, G. (1983). Solomon Islander skin pigmentation: Ultrastructural differences related to genetic variation in Melanesia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 60, 323-326.
20.
Gordon, P., Mansur, C., & Gilchrest, B. (1989). Regulation of human melanocyte growth, dendricity, and melanization by keratinocyte derived factors. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 22(4), 565-572.
21.
Halprin, K., & Ohkawara, A. (1966). Glutathione and pigmentation. Archives of Dermatology, 94, 355-357.
22.
Hamilton, J. (1939). Significance of sex hormones in tanning of skin of women. Proceeding of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 40, 502-503.
23.
Harrison, G. (1973). Differences in human pigmentation: Measurement, geographic variation, and causes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 60, 418-426.
24.
Hayasaka, K., Gojobori, T. , & Horai, S. ( 1988 ). Molecular phylogeny and evolution of primate mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 5(6), 626-644.
25.
Hearing, V., & Tsukamoto, K. (1991). Enzymatic control of pigmentation in mammals. FASEB Journal, 5, 2902-2909.
26.
Hirobe, T., Flynn, E., & Szabo, G. (1986). Interaction between white and black melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro . Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 87, 389.
27.
Holick, M., Uskokovic, M. , Henley, J., MacLaughlin, J., Holick, S., & Potts, J. ( 1980). The photoproduction of 1~,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 in skin. New England Journal of Medicine, 303(7), 349-354.
28.
Holick, M., MacLaughlin, J., & Doppelt, S. ( 1981). Regulation of cutaneous previtamin D3 photosynthesis in man. Science, 211, 590-593.
29.
Horai, S., Satta, Y., Kondo, R., Inoue, T., Ishida, T., Hayashi, S., & Takahata, N. (1992). Man's place in hominoidea revealed by mitochondria DNA genealogy. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 35, 32-43.
30.
King, R. (1990). African origins of biological psychiatry. Germantown, TN: Seymour-Smith.
31.
King, R., Wirtschafter, J. , Olds, D., & Blumbaugh, J. (1986). Minimal pigment: A new type of oculocutaneous albinism. Clinical Genetics, 29, 42-50.
32.
King, R., & Summers, C. G. (1988). Albinism. Dermatologic Clinics, 6(2), 217-228.
33.
Klein, R. (1989). The human career: Human biological and cultural origins. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
34.
Kromberg, J., Zwane, E., & Jenkins, T. (1987). The response of Black mothers to the birth of an albino infant. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 141, 911-916.
35.
Kromberg, J., Castle, D. , Zwane, E., & Jenkins, T. (1989). Albinism and skin cancer in Southern Africa. Clinical Genetics, 36, 43-52.
36.
Livingstone, F. (1969). Polygenic models for the evolution of human skin colour differences. Human Biology, 41, 480-493.
37.
Livingstone, D. (1857). Missionary travels. London: John Murray.
38.
Loomis, W. (1967). Skin pigment regulation of vitamin-D biosynthesis in man. Science, 157, 501-506.
39.
Lu, D., Willard, D., Patel, I., Kadwell, S., Overton, L., Kost, T., Luther, M., Chen, W., Woychik, R., Wilkinson, W., & Cone, R. (1994). Agouti-protein is an antagonist of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor. Nature, 371, 799-802.
40.
Mason, H. S., Ingram, D. , & Allen, B. ( 1960 ). The free radical property of melanins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 86, 225.
41.
Montagu, A. (Ed.). (1968). The concept of race. New York: Free Press.
42.
Montagu, A. (1974). Man's most dangerous myth: The fallacy of race. New York: Oxford University Press.
43.
Montellano, O. (1993). Melanin, Afrocentricity, and pseudoscience. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology , 36, 33-58.
44.
Morison, W. (1985). What is the function of melanin? Archives of Dermatology, 121, 1160-1163.
45.
Nakagawa, H., Imokawa, G. , Etoh, T., & Ishibashi, Y (1989). Melanogenesis in normal human epidermal melanocytes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 92(3), 488.
46.
Neer, R. (1975). The evolutionary significance of vitamin D, skin pigment, and ultraviolet light. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 43, 409-416.
47.
Nei, M. (1985). Human evolution at the molecular level. In T. Ohta & K. Aoki (Eds.), Population genetics and molecular evolution (pp. 41-64). Tokyo: Japan Scientific Society Press.
48.
Nordlund, J., Abdel-Malek, Z., Boissy, R., & Rheins, L. (1989). Pigment cell biology: An historical review. Journal of Investigative Dermatology , 92(Suppl. 2), 53-60.
49.
Getting, W., & King, R. (1994). Molecular basis of oculocutaneous albinism. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 103(Suppl. 5), 131s-136s.
50.
Ortonne, J., & Prota, G. (1993). Hair melanins and hair color: Ultrastructural and biochemical aspects. Journal of Investigative Dermatology , 101(Suppl. 1), 82-89.
51.
Ortonne, J., MacDonald, D. , Micoud, A., & Thivolet, J. (1979). PUVA induced repigmentation of vitiligo: Histoenzymological (split dopa) and ultrastructural study. British Journal of Dermatology, 101, 1-13.
52.
Post, P., Farrington, D. , & Binford, R. ( 1975). Cold injury and the evolution of "White Skin." Human Biology, 47(1), 65-80.
53.
Pathak, M. A. (1967). Photobiology of melanogenesis: Biophysical aspects. In W. Montagna & F. Hu (Eds.), Advances in biology of skin (Vol. 8, p. 397). New York: Pergamon.
54.
Prota, G. (1992). Melanins and melanogenesis. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
55.
Quevedo, W., Fitzpatrick, T., & Jimbow, K. ( 1985). Human skin color: Origin, variation, and significance . Journal of Human Evolution, 14, 43-56.
56.
Quevedo, W., Fitzpatrick, T., Pathak, M., & Jimbow, K. (1975). Role of light in human skin color variation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 43, 393-408.
57.
Robins, A. (1991). Biological perspectives of human pigmentation. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
58.
Serway, R., & Faughn, J. (1985). College physics. New York: Saunders College Publishing.
59.
Setlow, R., Grist, E., Thompson, K., & Woodhead, A. (1993). Wavelengths effective in induction of malignant melanoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90, 6666-6670.
60.
Snell, R., & Bischitz, P. (1960). The effects of large doses of estrogen and progesterone on melanin pigmentation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 35, 73-82.
61.
Staricco, R. (1963). Amelanotic melanocytes in the outer sheath of the human hair follicle and their role in the repigmentation of regenerated epidermis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 100, 239-255.
62.
Steegmann, A. (1967). Frostbite of the human face as a selective force. Human Biology, 39, 131-143.
63.
Steegmann, A. (1975). Human adaptation to cold. In A. Damon (Ed.), Physiological anthropology (pp. 130-166). New York: Oxford University Press.
64.
Stem, C. (1953). Model estimates of the frequency of white and near-white segregants in the American Negro . Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae (Roma), 4, 281-298.
65.
Stem, C. (1970). Model estimates of the number of gene pairs involved in pigmentation variability of the Negro-American . Human Heredity, 20, 165-168.
66.
Toda, K., Pathak, M., Parrish, J., & Fitzpatrick, T. (1972). Alterations of racial differences in melanosome distnbution in human epidermis after exposure to ultraviolet light. Nature (New Biology) , 236, 143-145.
67.
Wasserman, H. (1965). Human pigmentation and environment adaptation. Archives of Environmental Health , 11, 294-307.
68.
Wasterstrom, S. A. (1984). Accumulation of drugs on inner ear melanin. Scandinavian Audiology, (Suppl. 23), 1-40.
69.
Welsing, F. (1991). The Isis papers: The keys to the colors. Chicago, IL: Third World.
70.
Williams-Blangero, S., & Blangero, J. (1992). Quantitative genetic analysis of skin reflectance : A multivariate approach. Human Biology , 64(1), 35-49.
71.
Witkop, C., Nance, W., Rawls, R., & White, J. (1970). Autosomal recessive oculocutaneous albinism in man: Evidence for genetic heterogeneity. American Journal of Human Genetics, 22, 55-74.
72.
Zivanovic, S. (1982). Ancient diseases: The elements ofpaleopathology. London: Methuen.