Berlin, I. (1976). Slaves without masters. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
2.
Campbell, J.C. (1921). The southern highlander and his homeland. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
3.
Dunaway, W.A. (1989, November). Southern Appalachia's people without history. Paper presented to the Social Science History Association.
4.
Ebert, R.A. (1986). A window on the valley. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Maryland, College Park.
5.
Franklin, J.H. (1971). The free Negro in North Carolina, 1790-1860. New York: Norton. (Original work published 1943)
6.
Jackson, L.P. (1927). Free Negroes of Petersburg, Virginia. Journal of Negro History, 12, 365-387.
7.
Jackson, L.P. (1969). Free Negro labor and property holding in Virginia, 1830-1860. New York: Atheneum. (Original work published 1942)
8.
Murphy, J.B. (1982). Slavery and freedom in Appalachia: Kentucky as a demographic case study. Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, 80, 151-169.
9.
Stuckert, R.P. (1987a). Black populations of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Phylon, 48, 141-151.
10.
Stuckert, R.P. (1987b). Black populations of southern Appalachian counties . Berea, KY: Berea College.
11.
Stuckert, R.P. (1989, September). Blackfreedom in the Southern mountains . Paper presented to the Shenandoah Valley Historical Institute, Harrisonburg, VA.
12.
U.S. Census Office. (1864a). Agriculture of the United States in 1860. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office.
13.
U.S. Census Office. (1864b). Population ofthe United States in 1860. Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office.
14.
U.S. Census Office. (1872). A compendium of the ninth census. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
15.
Vance, R. (1962). The region: A new survey. In T. A. Ford (Ed.), The southern Appalachian region (pp. 1-8). Lexington: University of Kentucky.
16.
Van Dyke, R. (1972). The free Negro in Tennessee, 1790-1860. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
17.
Wade, R.C. (1964). Slavery in the cities. London : Oxford University Press.
18.
Wright, J.M. (1971). The free Negro in Maryland, 1634-1860. New York: Octagon. (Original work published 1921)
