Correlational Findings,Educational Implications,and Criticisms of Locus of Control Research

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Baron, R. A. (1968) "Authoritarianism, locus of control, and risk taking." J. of Psychology 68: 141-143.

Battle, E. S. and J. B. Rotter (1963) "Children's feelings of personal control as related to social class and ethnic group." J. of Personality 31: 482-490.

Bernhardson, C. S. (1968) "Relationship between individual social desirability ratings and Hand acquiescence and I-E scores." Psych. Reports 22: 773-776.

Bialer, I. (1961) "Conceptualization of success and failure in mentally retarded and normal children." J. of Personality 29: 303-320.

Biondo, J. and A. P. MacDONALD ( 1971) "Internal-external locus of control and response to influence attempts." J. of Personality 39: 407-419.

Campbell, D. T. and D. W. Fiske (1959) "Convergent and discriminant validation by multitrait-multimethod matrix." Psych. Bull. 56: 81-105.

Clouser, R. A. and L. A. Hjelle (1970) "Relationship between locus of control and dogmatism." Psych. Reports 26: 1006.

Crandall, V. C. , W. Katkovsky , and V. J. Crandall ( 1965) "Children's beliefs in their own control of reinforcements in intellectual-academic achievement situations." Child Development 36: 91-109.

Crandall, V. J. , W. Katkovsky , and A. Preston ( 1962 ) "Motivational and ability determinants of young children's intellectual achievement behaviors." Child Development 33: 643-661.

10.

Crowne, D. P. and S. Liverant (1963) "Conformity under varying conditions of personal commitment." J. of Abnormal and Social Psychology 66: 547-555.

11.

Davis, W. L. and E. J. Phares (1967) "Internal-external control as a determinant of information-seeking in a social influence situation." J. of Personality 35: 547-561.

12.

Dean, D. G. (1961) "Alienation: its meaning and measurement." Amer. Soc. Rev. 26: 753-758.

13.

Dies, R. R. (1968) "Development of a projective measure of perceived locus of control." J. of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment 32: 487-490.

14.

Doctor, R. M. (1971) "Locus of control of reinforcement and responsiveness to social influence." J. of Personality 39: 542-552.

15.

Eisenman, R. and J. J. Platt (1968) "Birth order and sex differences in academic achievement and internal-external control." J. of General Psychology 78: 279-285.

16.

Fish, B. and S. A. Karabenick (1971) "Relationship between self-esteem and locus of control." Psych. Reports 29: 784.

17.

Franklin, R. D. (1963) "Youth's expectancies about internal versus external control of reinforcement related to N variables." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue University.

18.

Gold, D. (1968) "Some correlation coefficients: relationships among I-E scores and other personality variables ." Psych. Reports 22: 983-984.

19.

Gore, P. M. and J. B. Rotter (1963) "A personality correlate of social action." J. of Personality 31: 58-64.

20.

Gozali, J. and I. Bialer (1968) "Children's locus of control scale: independence from response set bias among retardates." Amer. J. of Mental Deficiency 72: 622-625.

21.

Gurin, P. , G. Gurin , R. C. Lao , and M. Beattie (1969) "Internal-external control in the motivational dynamics of Negro youth." J. of Social Issues 25, 3: 29-53.

22.

Hamsher, J. H. , J. D. Geller , and J. B. Rotter ( 1968 ) "Interpersonal trust, internal-external control, and the Warren Commission Report." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 9: 210-215.

23.

Harlow, H. F. (1949) "The formation of learning sets." Psych. Rev. 56: 51-65.

24.

Harrison, F. I. (1968) "Relationship between home background, school success, and adolescent attitudes." Merrill-Palmer Q. 14: 331-344.

25.

Hersch, P. D. and K. E. Scheibe (1967) "Reliability and validity of internal-external control as a personality dimension." J. of Consulting Psychology 31: 609-613.

26.

Hjelle, L. A. (1971) "Social desirability as a variable in the locus of control scale." Psych. Reports 28: 807-816.

27.

--- ( 1970) "Internal-external control as a determinant of academic achievement." Psych. Reports 26: 326.

28.

Holden, K. B. and J. B. Rotter (1962) "A nonverbal measure of extinction in skill and chance situations." J. of Experimental Psychology 63: 510-520.

29.

James, W. H. (1957) "Internal versus external control of reinforcement as a basic variable in learning theory." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.

30.

--- and J. B. Rotter (1958) "Partial and 100% reinforcement under chance and skill conditions." J. of Experimental Psychology 55: 397-403.

31.

James, W. H. , A. B. Woodruff , and W. Werner (1965 ) "Effect of internal and external control upon changes in smoking behavior." J. of Consulting Psychology 29: 184-186.

32.

Joe, V. C. (1972) "Social desirability and the I-E Scale." Psych. Reports 30: 44-46.

33.

--- ( 1971) "Review of the internal-external control construct as a personality variable." Psych. Reports 28: 619-640. Monograph Supplement 3-V28.

34.

Julian, J. W. and S. B. Katz (1968) "Internal versus external control and the value of reinforcement." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 8: 89-94.

35.

Julian, J. W. , C. M. Lichtman , and R. M. Ryckman ( 1968) "Internal-external control and the need to control." J. of Social Psychology 76: 43-48.

36.

Lao, R. C. (1970) "Internal-external control and competent and innovative behavior among Negro college students ." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 14: 263-270.

37.

Lefcourt, H. M. (1966) "Internal versus external control of reinforcement: a review." Psych. Bull. 65: 206-220.

38.

——— (1965) "Risk taking in Negro and white adults." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 2: 765-770.

39.

—— and G. W. Ladwig (1966) " Alienation in Negro and white reformatory inmates." J. of Social Psychology 68: 153-157.

40.

——— (1965a) "The American Negro: a problem in expectancies ." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 1: 377-380.

41.

——— (1965b) "The effect of reference group upon Negroes' task persistence in a biracial competitive game." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 1: 668-671.

42.

Lefcourt, H. M. and R. A. Steffy (1970) "Level of aspiration, risk taking behavior, and projective test performance: a search for coherence." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 34: 193-198.

43.

Lefcourt, H. M. and J. Wine (1969) "Internal versus external control of reinforcement and the deployment of attention in experimental situations ." Canadian J. of Behavioral Sciences 1: 167-181.

44.

Lefcourt, H. M. , L. Lewis , and I. W. Silverman ( 1968) "Internal versus external control of reinforcement and attention in a decision making task." J. of Personality 36: 663-682.

45.

Lessing, E. E. (1969) "Racial differences in indices of ego functioning relevant to academic achievement ." J. of Genetic Psychology 115: 153-167.

46.

Liverant, S. and A. Scodel (1960) "Internal and external control as determinants of decision making under conditions of risk." Psych. Reports 7: 59-67.

47.

Lundy, J. R. (1972) "Some personality correlates of contraceptive use among unmarried female college students." J. of Psychology 80: 9-14.

48.

MacDonald, A. P. (1971) "Internal-external locus of control: parental antecedents." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 37: 141-147.

49.

--- and J. Hall (1971) "Internal-external locus of control and perception of disability." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 36: 338-343.

50.

McGhee, P. E. and V. C. Crandall (1968) "Beliefs in internal-external control of reinforcements and academic performance." Child Development 39: 91-102.

51.

Minton, H. L. and A. G. Miller (1970) "Group risk taking and internal-external control of group members." Psych. Reports 26: 431-436.

52.

Mirels, H. L. (1970) "Dimensions of internal versus external control." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 34: 226-228.

53.

Pedhazur, L. and L. Wheeler (1971) "Locus of perceived control and need achievement." Perceptual and Motor Skills 33: 1281-1282.

54.

Phares, E. J. (1971) "Internal-external control and the reduction of reinforcement value after failure." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 37: 386-390.

55.

——— (1968) "Differential utilization of information as a function of internal-external control." J. of Personality 36: 649-662.

56.

--- ( 1965) "Internal-external control as a determinant of amount of social influence exerted." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 2: 642-647.

57.

--- ( 1962) "Perceptual threshold decrements as a function of skill and chance expectancies." J. of Psychology 53: 399-407.

58.

——— (1957) "Expectancy changes in skill and chance situations ." J. of Abnormal and Social Psychology 54: 339-342.

59.

--- ( 1955) "Changes in expectancy in skill and chance situations ." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University .

60.

---, D. E. Ritchie , and W. L. Davis (1968) "Internal-external control and reaction to threat." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 10: 402-405.

61.

Platt, J. J. , R. Eisenman , and A. Darbes (1970 ) "Self-esteem and internal-external control: a validation study." Psych. Reports 26: 162.

62.

POWELL, A. (1971) "Alternative measures of locus of control and prediction of academic performance." Psych. Reports 29: 47-50.

63.

Ray, W. J. and M. Katahn (1968) "Relation of anxiety to locus of control ." Psych. Reports 23: 1196.

64.

Ritchie, E. and E. J. Phares (1969) "Attitude change as a function of internal-external control and communicator status." J. of Personality 37: 429-443.

65.

Rothschild, B. H. and I. A. Horowitz (1970) "Effect of instructions and internal-external control of reinforcement on a conditioned finger-withdrawal response." Psych. Reports 26: 395-400.

66.

Rotter, J. B. (1967) "A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust." J. of Personality 35: 651-665.

67.

--- ( 1966) "Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement." Psych. Monographs 80: Whole No. 609.

68.

--- ( 1954) Social Learning and Clinical Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.. Prentice-Hall.

69.

——— and R. C. Mulry (1965) " Internal versus external control of reinforcement and decision time ." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 2: 598-604.

70.

Rotter, J. B. , S. Liverant , and D. P. Crowne ( 1961 ) "The growth and extinction of expectancies in chance controlled and skill tests." J. of Psychology 52: 161-177.

71.

Rotter, J. B. , M. Seeman , and S. Liverant ( 1962 ) "Internal versus external control of reinforcement: a major variable in behavior theory," pp. 473-516 in N. Washburne (ed.) Decisions, Values and Groups. New York: Pergamon.

72.

Schneider, J. M. (1968) "Skill versus chance activity preference and locus of control." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 32: 333-337.

73.

Seeman, M. (1963) "Alienation and social learning in a reformatory." Amer. J. of Sociology 69: 270-284.

74.

——— (1959) "On the meaning of alienation." Amer. Soc. Rev. 24: 783-791.

75.

——— and J. W. Evans (1962) " Alienation and learning in a hospital setting." Amer. Soc. Rev. 27: 772-782.

76.

Shaw, R. L. and N. P. Uhl (1971) "Control of reinforcement and academic achievement." J. of Educ. Research 64: 226-228.

77.

Shimkunas, A. M. and R. G. Kime (1971) "Personality correlates of student commitment to social action." J. of Personality Assessment 35: 561-568.

78.

Shostrom, E. L. (1964) "An inventory for the measurement of selfactualization." Educ. and Psych. Measurement 24: 207-218.

79.

--- and R. R. Knapp (1966) "The relationship of a measure of selfactualization (POI) to a measure of pathology (MMPI) and to therapeutic growth." Amer. J. of Psychotherapy 20: 193-202.

80.

Smith, R. E. (1970) "Changes in locus of control as a function of life crisis resolution." J. of Abnormal Psychology 75: 329-332.

81.

Straits, B. C. and L. Sechrest (1963) "Further support of some findings about characteristics of smokers and nonsmokers." J. of Consulting Psychology 27: 282.

82.

Strickland, B. R. (1965) "The prediction of social action from a dimension of internal-external control ." J. of Social Psychology 66: 353-358.

83.

Strickland, L. H. , R. J. Lewicki , and A. M. Katz ( 1966) "Temporal orientation and perceived control as determinants of risk-taking." J. of Experimental Social Psychology 2: 143-151.

84.

Strodtbeck, F. L. (1958) "Family interaction, values, and achievement," pp. 135-194 in D. McClelland , A. Baldwin , V. Bronfenbrenner , and F. L. Strodtbeck (eds.) Talent and Society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand.

85.

Thomas, L. E. (1970) "The I-E Scale, ideological bias, and political participation." J. of Personality 38: 273-286.

86.

Throop, W. F. and A. P. Mac Donald (1971) "Internal-external locus of control: a bibliography." Psych. Reports 28: 175-190.

87.

Tolor, A. and J. E. Jalowiec (1968) "Body boundary, parental attitudes, and internal-external expectancy." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 32: 206-209.

88.

Tolor, A. and R. F. LeBlanc (1971) "Personality correlates of alienation ." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 37. 444.

89.

Tolor, A. and M. Reznikoff (1967) "Relation between insight, repression-sensitization, internal-external control, and death anxiety." J. of Abnormal Psychology 72: 426-430.

90.

Tseng, M S (1970) "Locus of control as a determinant of job proficiency, employability, and training satisfaction of vocational rehabilitation clients." J of Counseling Psychology 17: 487-491.

91.

Warehime, R. G. (1972) "Generalized expectancy for locus of control and academic performance." Psych. Reports 30: 314.

92.

——— and M. L. Foulds (1971) " Perceived locus of control and personal adjustment." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 37: 250-252.

93.

Warehime, R. G. and S. Woodson (1971) "Locus of control and immediate affect states." J. of Clinical Psychology 27. 443-444.

94.

Watson, D. (1967) "Relationship between locus of control and anxiety." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 6: 91-92.

95.

--- and E. Baumal (1967) "Effects of locus of control and expectation of future control upon present performance ." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 6: 212-215.

96.

White, R. W. (1959) "Motivation reconsidered: the concept of competence." Psych. Rev. 66: 297-333.

97.

Williams, C. B. and J. B. Nickels (1969) "Internal-external control dimension as related to accident and suicide proneness." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 33: 485-494.

98.

Wolk, S. and J. DuCETTE (1971 ) "Locus of control and achievement motivation: theoretical overlap and methodological divergence." Psych. Reports 29: 755-758.

99.

Ziller, R. C. , J. Hagey , M.D.C. Smith , and B. H. Long (1969) "Self-esteem: a self-social construct ." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 33: 84-95.

100.

Zytowski, D. G. (1967) "Internal-external control of reinforcement and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank." J. of Counseling Psychology 14: 177-179.