Correlational Findings,Educational Implications,and Criticisms of Locus of Control Research

Baron, R. A. (1968) "Authoritarianism, locus of control, and risk taking." J. of Psychology 68: 141-143.

Battle, E. S. and J. B. Rotter (1963) "Children's feelings of personal control as related to social class and ethnic group." J. of Personality 31: 482-490.

Bernhardson, C. S. (1968) "Relationship between individual social desirability ratings and Hand acquiescence and I-E scores." Psych. Reports 22: 773-776.

Bialer, I. (1961) "Conceptualization of success and failure in mentally retarded and normal children." J. of Personality 29: 303-320.

Biondo, J. and A. P. MacDONALD ( 1971) "Internal-external locus of control and response to influence attempts." J. of Personality 39: 407-419.

Campbell, D. T. and D. W. Fiske (1959) "Convergent and discriminant validation by multitrait-multimethod matrix." Psych. Bull. 56: 81-105.

Clouser, R. A. and L. A. Hjelle (1970) "Relationship between locus of control and dogmatism." Psych. Reports 26: 1006.

Crandall, V. C. , W. Katkovsky , and V. J. Crandall ( 1965) "Children's beliefs in their own control of reinforcements in intellectual-academic achievement situations." Child Development 36: 91-109.

Crandall, V. J. , W. Katkovsky , and A. Preston ( 1962 ) "Motivational and ability determinants of young children's intellectual achievement behaviors." Child Development 33: 643-661.

Crowne, D. P. and S. Liverant (1963) "Conformity under varying conditions of personal commitment." J. of Abnormal and Social Psychology 66: 547-555.

Davis, W. L. and E. J. Phares (1967) "Internal-external control as a determinant of information-seeking in a social influence situation." J. of Personality 35: 547-561.

Dean, D. G. (1961) "Alienation: its meaning and measurement." Amer. Soc. Rev. 26: 753-758.

Dies, R. R. (1968) "Development of a projective measure of perceived locus of control." J. of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment 32: 487-490.

Doctor, R. M. (1971) "Locus of control of reinforcement and responsiveness to social influence." J. of Personality 39: 542-552.

Eisenman, R. and J. J. Platt (1968) "Birth order and sex differences in academic achievement and internal-external control." J. of General Psychology 78: 279-285.

Fish, B. and S. A. Karabenick (1971) "Relationship between self-esteem and locus of control." Psych. Reports 29: 784.

Franklin, R. D. (1963) "Youth's expectancies about internal versus external control of reinforcement related to N variables." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue University.

Gold, D. (1968) "Some correlation coefficients: relationships among I-E scores and other personality variables ." Psych. Reports 22: 983-984.

Gore, P. M. and J. B. Rotter (1963) "A personality correlate of social action." J. of Personality 31: 58-64.

Gozali, J. and I. Bialer (1968) "Children's locus of control scale: independence from response set bias among retardates." Amer. J. of Mental Deficiency 72: 622-625.

Gurin, P. , G. Gurin , R. C. Lao , and M. Beattie (1969) "Internal-external control in the motivational dynamics of Negro youth." J. of Social Issues 25, 3: 29-53.

Hamsher, J. H. , J. D. Geller , and J. B. Rotter ( 1968 ) "Interpersonal trust, internal-external control, and the Warren Commission Report." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 9: 210-215.

Harlow, H. F. (1949) "The formation of learning sets." Psych. Rev. 56: 51-65.

Harrison, F. I. (1968) "Relationship between home background, school success, and adolescent attitudes." Merrill-Palmer Q. 14: 331-344.

Hersch, P. D. and K. E. Scheibe (1967) "Reliability and validity of internal-external control as a personality dimension." J. of Consulting Psychology 31: 609-613.

Hjelle, L. A. (1971) "Social desirability as a variable in the locus of control scale." Psych. Reports 28: 807-816.

--- ( 1970) "Internal-external control as a determinant of academic achievement." Psych. Reports 26: 326.

Holden, K. B. and J. B. Rotter (1962) "A nonverbal measure of extinction in skill and chance situations." J. of Experimental Psychology 63: 510-520.

James, W. H. (1957) "Internal versus external control of reinforcement as a basic variable in learning theory." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.

--- and J. B. Rotter (1958) "Partial and 100% reinforcement under chance and skill conditions." J. of Experimental Psychology 55: 397-403.

James, W. H. , A. B. Woodruff , and W. Werner (1965 ) "Effect of internal and external control upon changes in smoking behavior." J. of Consulting Psychology 29: 184-186.

Joe, V. C. (1972) "Social desirability and the I-E Scale." Psych. Reports 30: 44-46.

--- ( 1971) "Review of the internal-external control construct as a personality variable." Psych. Reports 28: 619-640. Monograph Supplement 3-V28.

Julian, J. W. and S. B. Katz (1968) "Internal versus external control and the value of reinforcement." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 8: 89-94.

Julian, J. W. , C. M. Lichtman , and R. M. Ryckman ( 1968) "Internal-external control and the need to control." J. of Social Psychology 76: 43-48.

Lao, R. C. (1970) "Internal-external control and competent and innovative behavior among Negro college students ." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 14: 263-270.

Lefcourt, H. M. (1966) "Internal versus external control of reinforcement: a review." Psych. Bull. 65: 206-220.

——— (1965) "Risk taking in Negro and white adults." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 2: 765-770.

—— and G. W. Ladwig (1966) " Alienation in Negro and white reformatory inmates." J. of Social Psychology 68: 153-157.

——— (1965a) "The American Negro: a problem in expectancies ." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 1: 377-380.

——— (1965b) "The effect of reference group upon Negroes' task persistence in a biracial competitive game." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 1: 668-671.

Lefcourt, H. M. and R. A. Steffy (1970) "Level of aspiration, risk taking behavior, and projective test performance: a search for coherence." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 34: 193-198.

Lefcourt, H. M. and J. Wine (1969) "Internal versus external control of reinforcement and the deployment of attention in experimental situations ." Canadian J. of Behavioral Sciences 1: 167-181.

Lefcourt, H. M. , L. Lewis , and I. W. Silverman ( 1968) "Internal versus external control of reinforcement and attention in a decision making task." J. of Personality 36: 663-682.

Lessing, E. E. (1969) "Racial differences in indices of ego functioning relevant to academic achievement ." J. of Genetic Psychology 115: 153-167.

Liverant, S. and A. Scodel (1960) "Internal and external control as determinants of decision making under conditions of risk." Psych. Reports 7: 59-67.

Lundy, J. R. (1972) "Some personality correlates of contraceptive use among unmarried female college students." J. of Psychology 80: 9-14.

MacDonald, A. P. (1971) "Internal-external locus of control: parental antecedents." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 37: 141-147.

--- and J. Hall (1971) "Internal-external locus of control and perception of disability." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 36: 338-343.

McGhee, P. E. and V. C. Crandall (1968) "Beliefs in internal-external control of reinforcements and academic performance." Child Development 39: 91-102.

Minton, H. L. and A. G. Miller (1970) "Group risk taking and internal-external control of group members." Psych. Reports 26: 431-436.

Mirels, H. L. (1970) "Dimensions of internal versus external control." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 34: 226-228.

Pedhazur, L. and L. Wheeler (1971) "Locus of perceived control and need achievement." Perceptual and Motor Skills 33: 1281-1282.

Phares, E. J. (1971) "Internal-external control and the reduction of reinforcement value after failure." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 37: 386-390.

——— (1968) "Differential utilization of information as a function of internal-external control." J. of Personality 36: 649-662.

--- ( 1965) "Internal-external control as a determinant of amount of social influence exerted." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 2: 642-647.

--- ( 1962) "Perceptual threshold decrements as a function of skill and chance expectancies." J. of Psychology 53: 399-407.

——— (1957) "Expectancy changes in skill and chance situations ." J. of Abnormal and Social Psychology 54: 339-342.

--- ( 1955) "Changes in expectancy in skill and chance situations ." Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University .

---, D. E. Ritchie , and W. L. Davis (1968) "Internal-external control and reaction to threat." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 10: 402-405.

Platt, J. J. , R. Eisenman , and A. Darbes (1970 ) "Self-esteem and internal-external control: a validation study." Psych. Reports 26: 162.

POWELL, A. (1971) "Alternative measures of locus of control and prediction of academic performance." Psych. Reports 29: 47-50.

Ray, W. J. and M. Katahn (1968) "Relation of anxiety to locus of control ." Psych. Reports 23: 1196.

Ritchie, E. and E. J. Phares (1969) "Attitude change as a function of internal-external control and communicator status." J. of Personality 37: 429-443.

Rothschild, B. H. and I. A. Horowitz (1970) "Effect of instructions and internal-external control of reinforcement on a conditioned finger-withdrawal response." Psych. Reports 26: 395-400.

Rotter, J. B. (1967) "A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust." J. of Personality 35: 651-665.

--- ( 1966) "Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement." Psych. Monographs 80: Whole No. 609.

--- ( 1954) Social Learning and Clinical Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.. Prentice-Hall.

——— and R. C. Mulry (1965) " Internal versus external control of reinforcement and decision time ." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 2: 598-604.

Rotter, J. B. , S. Liverant , and D. P. Crowne ( 1961 ) "The growth and extinction of expectancies in chance controlled and skill tests." J. of Psychology 52: 161-177.

Rotter, J. B. , M. Seeman , and S. Liverant ( 1962 ) "Internal versus external control of reinforcement: a major variable in behavior theory," pp. 473-516 in N. Washburne (ed.) Decisions, Values and Groups. New York: Pergamon.

Schneider, J. M. (1968) "Skill versus chance activity preference and locus of control." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 32: 333-337.

Seeman, M. (1963) "Alienation and social learning in a reformatory." Amer. J. of Sociology 69: 270-284.

——— (1959) "On the meaning of alienation." Amer. Soc. Rev. 24: 783-791.

——— and J. W. Evans (1962) " Alienation and learning in a hospital setting." Amer. Soc. Rev. 27: 772-782.

Shaw, R. L. and N. P. Uhl (1971) "Control of reinforcement and academic achievement." J. of Educ. Research 64: 226-228.

Shimkunas, A. M. and R. G. Kime (1971) "Personality correlates of student commitment to social action." J. of Personality Assessment 35: 561-568.

Shostrom, E. L. (1964) "An inventory for the measurement of selfactualization." Educ. and Psych. Measurement 24: 207-218.

--- and R. R. Knapp (1966) "The relationship of a measure of selfactualization (POI) to a measure of pathology (MMPI) and to therapeutic growth." Amer. J. of Psychotherapy 20: 193-202.

Smith, R. E. (1970) "Changes in locus of control as a function of life crisis resolution." J. of Abnormal Psychology 75: 329-332.

Straits, B. C. and L. Sechrest (1963) "Further support of some findings about characteristics of smokers and nonsmokers." J. of Consulting Psychology 27: 282.

Strickland, B. R. (1965) "The prediction of social action from a dimension of internal-external control ." J. of Social Psychology 66: 353-358.

Strickland, L. H. , R. J. Lewicki , and A. M. Katz ( 1966) "Temporal orientation and perceived control as determinants of risk-taking." J. of Experimental Social Psychology 2: 143-151.

Strodtbeck, F. L. (1958) "Family interaction, values, and achievement," pp. 135-194 in D. McClelland , A. Baldwin , V. Bronfenbrenner , and F. L. Strodtbeck (eds.) Talent and Society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand.

Thomas, L. E. (1970) "The I-E Scale, ideological bias, and political participation." J. of Personality 38: 273-286.

Throop, W. F. and A. P. Mac Donald (1971) "Internal-external locus of control: a bibliography." Psych. Reports 28: 175-190.

Tolor, A. and J. E. Jalowiec (1968) "Body boundary, parental attitudes, and internal-external expectancy." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 32: 206-209.

Tolor, A. and R. F. LeBlanc (1971) "Personality correlates of alienation ." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 37. 444.

Tolor, A. and M. Reznikoff (1967) "Relation between insight, repression-sensitization, internal-external control, and death anxiety." J. of Abnormal Psychology 72: 426-430.

Tseng, M S (1970) "Locus of control as a determinant of job proficiency, employability, and training satisfaction of vocational rehabilitation clients." J of Counseling Psychology 17: 487-491.

Warehime, R. G. (1972) "Generalized expectancy for locus of control and academic performance." Psych. Reports 30: 314.

——— and M. L. Foulds (1971) " Perceived locus of control and personal adjustment." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 37: 250-252.

Warehime, R. G. and S. Woodson (1971) "Locus of control and immediate affect states." J. of Clinical Psychology 27. 443-444.

Watson, D. (1967) "Relationship between locus of control and anxiety." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 6: 91-92.

--- and E. Baumal (1967) "Effects of locus of control and expectation of future control upon present performance ." J. of Personality and Social Psychology 6: 212-215.

White, R. W. (1959) "Motivation reconsidered: the concept of competence." Psych. Rev. 66: 297-333.

Williams, C. B. and J. B. Nickels (1969) "Internal-external control dimension as related to accident and suicide proneness." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 33: 485-494.

Wolk, S. and J. DuCETTE (1971 ) "Locus of control and achievement motivation: theoretical overlap and methodological divergence." Psych. Reports 29: 755-758.

Ziller, R. C. , J. Hagey , M.D.C. Smith , and B. H. Long (1969) "Self-esteem: a self-social construct ." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 33: 84-95.

Zytowski, D. G. (1967) "Internal-external control of reinforcement and the Strong Vocational Interest Blank." J. of Counseling Psychology 14: 177-179.