Negro Conventions and the Problem of Black Leadership

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Cromwell J. W. (1914) The Negro in American History. Men and Women Eminent in the Evolution of the American of African Descent. Washington, D. C.: American Negro Academy.

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Litwack L. F. (1961) “The abolitionist dilemma: the antislavery movement and the Northern Negro.” New England Q. 34 (March): 50–73.

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Pease W. H. Pease J. H. (1965) “Antislavery ambivalence: immediatism, expedience, race.” Amer. Q. 17 (Winter): 682–695.