Spirituality is defined in cultural terms. The African’s lifelong sojourn for balance and harmony within himself or herself and within society is the essence of the spiritual being. Therefore, spirituality is defined as the African’s search for personal balance and harmony as well as that of society. The concept of Nommo, the power generated from the Spoken Word, is crucial in articulating the spiritual and philosophical nature of language for African people. The fulfillment of Maat is the essence of the spiritual being within the African worldview.
GrauleM. (1970). Conversations with Ogotemmeli: An introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
10.
GyekyeK. (1995). An essay on African philosophical thought: The Akan conceptual scheme (Rev. ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
11.
HasleyW. H. (1988). Signify(cant) correspondences. Black American Literature Forum, 22(2), 257-259.
12.
JahnJ. (1990). Muntu: African culture and the Western world. New York, NY: Grove Press.
13.
KingS. (1990). Naming and power in Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God. Black American Literature Forum, 24(4), 683-696.
14.
Knowles-BorishadeA. F. (1991). Paradigm for classical African Orature: Instrument for scientific revolution?Journal of Black Studies, 21, 488-500.
15.
MazamaA. (2001). An analysis of discourse on the spoken and written words: A historical comparison of European and African views. In MilhouseV. H.AsanteM. K.NwosuP. (Eds.), Transcultural realities: Interdisciplinary perspectives on cross-cultural relations (pp. 131-140). London, UK: Sage.
16.
MongesM. M. K. R. (1997). Kush: Jewel of the Nubia. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
17.
NyabongoP. (1941). African life and ideals. Journal of Negro History, 26, 279-298.
18.
ObengaT. (1995). African philosophy in world history. Princeton, NJ: Sungai.
19.
RichardsD. (1981). Let the circle be unbroken: The implications of African-American spirituality. Présence Africaine, pp. 117-118.
20.
SaakanaA. S. (1995). Culture, concept, aesthetics: The phenomenon of the African musical universe in Western musical culture. African American Review, 29(2), 329-340.
21.
SmithermanG. (1998). Word from the hood: The lexicon of African-American-vernacular English. In MufweneS. S.RickfordJ. R.BaileyG.BaughJ. (Eds.), African-American English: Structure, history, and use (pp. 203-225). New York: Routledge.
22.
TedlaE. (2002). Indigenous African education as a means for understanding the fullness of life: Amara traditional education. Journal of Black Studies, 23(1), 7-26.
