This article explores various analytical and interpretive tools and historical methods and techniques of historical research and writing for conducting research on local Garveyism and the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). The article suggests a new framework that could be used to ably describe, interpret, and evaluate a micro-level analysis of UNIA-ACL divisions of the 1920s and 30s. In an effort to increase knowledge about the role and impact of the Garvey Movement in the United States, the article suggests some methodological considerations.
Abbott, C., Leonard, S.J., & McComb, D. (1994). Colorado: A history of the Centennial State (3rd ed.). Niwot: University Press of Colorado.
2.
Burkett, R.K. (1978a). Black redemption: Churchmen speak for the Garvey Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
3.
Burkett, R.K. (1978b). Garveyism as a religious movement: The institutionalization of a Black civil religion. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, American Theological Library Association.
4.
Burkett, R.K. (1989). The religious ethos of the Universal Negro Improvement Association. In G. Wilmore (Ed.), African American religious studies: An interdisciplinary anthology (pp. 60-81). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
5.
Clarke, J. H. (Ed.). (1974). Marcus Garvey and the vision of Africa. New York: Random House.
6.
Colorado Springs Gazette. (1920-1925). Colorado Springs, CO: Gazette Printing Co.
7.
Colorado Statesman Newspaper. (1920-1930). Denver, CO: Denver Public Library Western History/ Genealogy Department.
8.
Cronon, E.D. (1955). Black Moses: The story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
9.
Elkins, W.F. (1994). Marcus Garvey, the Negro world, and the British West Indies, 1919-1920. In R. Lewis & M. Warner-Lewis (Eds.), Garvey: Africa, Europe, and the Americas (pp. 35-46). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
10.
Fitzgerald, J.M., and O.M. Scruggs. (2006). A note on Marcus Garvey at Harvard, 1922: A recollection of John M. Fitzgerald. Journal of Negro History, 63, 157-160.
11.
Former slave published first Black newspaper in Springs. (1998 , February 8). The Colorado Springs Gazette, p. 2.
12.
Fourteenth business session of Negro Peoples of the World, held at Edelweis Park yesterday morning. (1929, August 31). The Blackman, p. 2.
13.
Garvey, A.J. (1970). Garvey and Garveyism. London : Collier-Macmillan.
14.
Heard in Idlewild. (1929a, April 19). The Lake County Star, p. 4.
15.
Heard in Idlewild. (1929b, April 26). The Lake County Star, p. 3.
16.
Heard in Idlewild. (1929c, May 17). The Lake County Star, p. 4.
17.
Heard in Idlewild. (1929d, May 24). The Lake County Star, p. 2.
18.
Heard in Idlewild. (1929e, May 31). The Lake County Star, p. 3.
19.
Heard in Idlewild. (l931a, January 9). The Lake County Star, p. 4.
20.
Heard in Idlewild. (193lb. January 16). The Lake County Star, p. 3.
21.
Heard in Idlewild. (l931c, January 30). The Lake County Star, p. 4.
22.
Heard in Idlewild. (1936a, June 12). The Lake County Star, p. 2.
23.
Heard in Idlewild. (l936b, November 13). The Lake County Star, p. 2.
24.
Herskovits, M.J. (1951). The present status and needs of Afroamericanist research. Journal of Negro History, 36(2), 123-147.
25.
Hill, R. A. (Ed.). (1983- 1990). The Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association papers. Berkeley: University of California Press.
26.
Hill, R. A. (Ed.). (1995). The FBI's Racon: Racial conditions in the United States during World War II . Boston: Northeastern University Press.
27.
Holley, J.S. (1990). The invisible peoples of the Pikes Peak region: An Afro-American chronicle. Colorado Springs, CO: Friends of the Pikes Peak Library, Friends of the Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum.
28.
James, W. (1998). Holding aloft the banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean radicalism in early twentieth-century America. London: Verso.
29.
Lake County Abstract Company. (1927, May 9). Title information. Baldwin, MI: Author.
30.
L.A.T.H. (1929, August 31). With the delegates: Notes and comments on their activities. The Blackman, p. 12.
31.
Lee, P. (2000, September 1-7). Garveyism in Michigan: The early years. The Michigan Citizen, p. A8.
32.
Lewis, R. (1994). The question of imperialism and aspects of Garvey's political activities in Jamaica, 1929-1930. In R. Lewis & M. Warner-Lewis (Eds.), Garvey: Africa, Europe, and the Americas (pp. 71-98). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
33.
Martin, T. (1976). Race first: The ideological and organizational struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association . Dover, MA: Majority Press.
34.
Martin, T. (1983). Marcus Garvey in Trinidad, 1912-1947. In T. Martin (Ed.), The Pan-African connection: From slavery to Garvey and beyond (pp. 63-94). Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.
35.
Mauck, L.M. (2001). Five Points neighborhood of Denver. Chicago: Arcadia.
36.
Negro Historical Association of Colorado Springs. (1986). Black Settlers of the Pikes Peak Region, 1850-1999 . Colorado Springs, CO: Author.
37.
The Negro World. (1929, September 29). p. 2.
38.
The Negro World. (1930, May 17). p. 3.
39.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (1927, June 4). The Negro World, p. 6.
40.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (1929a, August 3). The Negro World, p. 3.
41.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (1929b, November 2). The Negro World, p. 3.
42.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (1930a, April 12). The Negro World, p. 3.
43.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (1930b, January 25). The Negro World, p. 3.
44.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (l930c, October 25). The Negro World, p. 3.
45.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (1930d, November 8). The Negro World, p. 3.
46.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (1930e, November 22). The Negro World, p. 3.
47.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (1930f, November 29). The Negro World, p. 3.
48.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (1930g, September 6). The Negro World, p. 3.
49.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (1930h, September 7). The Negro World, p. 3.
50.
News and views of U.N.I.A. divisions. (1931, March 14). The Negro World, p. 3.
51.
Obituary of Frank J. Loper. (1937, November 19). The Colorado Springs Gazette, p. 5.
52.
Olusanya, G.O. (1994). Garvey and Nigeria. In R. Lewis & M. Warner-Lewis (Eds.), Garvey: Africa, Europe, and the Americas (pp. 121-134). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
53.
Presnell, J.L. (2007). The information-literate historian: A guide to research for history students. New York: Oxford University Press.
54.
Profiles of Frank Loper. (1982, February 9). The Colorado Springs Gazette, p. B1.
55.
Rev. A. G. Taylor speaks. (1929, August 31). The Blackman, p. 5.
56.
Riddle, B. (1936, October 2). Heard in Idlewild. The Lake County Star, p. 2.
57.
Rosaina, T.F. (1998). Marcus Garvey in Cuba: Urrutia, Cubans, and Black nationalism. In L. Brock & D. C. Fuertes (Eds.), Between race and empire: African-Americans and Cubans before the Cuban revolution (pp. 120-128). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
58.
Simmons, R.L., & Simmons, T.H. (1995). Denver Neighborhood History Project, 1993-94: Five Points neighborhood. Denver, CO: City and County of Denver.
59.
Smith, A.D. (1929a, May 11). News and views of the U.N.I.A. divisions, the Idlewild division. The Negro World, p. 3.
60.
Smith, A.D. (1929b, May 24). News and views of the U.N.I.A. divisions, the Idlewild division. The Negro World, p. 3.
61.
Smith-Irvin, J. (1989). Footsoldiers of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Their Own Words). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
62.
Some delegates write. (1929, October 21). The Blackman, p. 7.
63.
Spann, D.B. (1978). Black pioneers: A history of a pioneer family in Colorado Springs. Colorado Springs, CO: Little London.
64.
Stein, J. (1986). The world of Marcus Garvey: Race and class in modern society. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University.
65.
Stephens, R.J. (2003). Garveyism in Idlewild, 1927-1936. Journal of Black Studies, 34, 462-488.
66.
Storey, W.K. (2004). Writing history: A guide for students. New York: Oxford University Press.
67.
Sun illuminated truth; Newspaper one of first Black-owned businesses in Springs . (2001, February 25). The Colorado Springs Gazette, Business p. 2
68.
Taylor, U.Y. (2002). The veiled Garvey: The life and times of Amy Jacques Garvey. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
69.
Thousands attracted at Edelweis Park at convention meeting last Sunday night . (1929, August 26). The Blackman, p. 5.
70.
Tolbert, E.J. (1980). The Universal Negro Improvement Association and Black Los Angeles: Ideology and community in the American Garvey Movement . Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Afro-American Studies.
71.
Trotter, J. (1991). The great migration in historical perspective: New dimensions of race, class, and gender. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
72.
Vincent, T. (1988). Black power and the Garvey Movement. Berkeley, CA: Ramparts.
