The story of African Americans is usually absent from the mainstream textbook study of homeless people. This research begins to address this absence. It provides an overview by using eight distinct historic experiences—the colonial period, Civil War period, cowboys of the west, the tramping years, the Black migration north, the depression years and New Deal, urban renewal, and deindustrialization of the American economy—to begin the process of more fully describing the experience of Black homelessness in America.
Anderson, N. ( 1975). The American hobo: An autobiography. New York: Leiden Brill.
2.
Bahr, H. ( 1973). Skid row: An introduction to disaffiliation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
3.
Barber, J. ( 1972). The presidential character. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
4.
Baum, A., & Burnes, D. ( 1993). A nation in denial. Boulder, CO: Westview.
5.
Baumohl, J. (Ed.). (1996). Homelessness in America. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx.
6.
Bellush, J., & Hausknecht, M. (1967). Urban renewal: People, politics, and planning. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
7.
Berry, M.F. ( 1971). Black resistance White law: A history of constitutional racism in America. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts .
8.
Brawley, B. ( 1970). A social history of the American Negro. New York: Collier.
9.
Chitwood, D.D., Rivers, J.E., & Inciardi, J.A. (1996). The American pipe dream: Crack cocaine and the inner city. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
10.
Du Bois, W.E.B. ( 1973). The Philadelphia Negro. Millwood, NJ: Kraus Thomson.
11.
Durham, P., & Jones, E. ( 1965). The Negro cowboys. New York : Dodd, Mead.
12.
Editors of Ebony. (1971). Ebony pictorial history of Black America Vol. 1: African past to Civil War. Chicago: Johnson.
13.
Foner, E. ( 1970). Black reconstruction. America’s Black past . New York: Harper and Row.
14.
Foner, P. ( 1978). Essays in Afro-American History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
15.
Franklin, J.H., & Moss, A. ( 1994). From slavery to freedom: A history of African Americans . New York: McGraw-Hill .
16.
Franklin, M. ( 1985). Organizing for survival and change: Rural Southern Blacks & the Works Progress Administration 1935-1939. Unpublished manuscript, Hampshire College, School of Social Science, Amherst, MA.
17.
Hahamovitch, C. ( 1997). The fruits of their labor: Atlantic coast farmworkers and the making of migrant poverty, 1870-1945. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press.
18.
Hopper, K., & Milburn, N. ( 1996). Homelessness among African-Americans: A historical and contemporary perspective. In J. Baumohl (Ed.), Homelessness in America (pp. 123-131). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx.
19.
Jencks, C. ( 1994). The homeless. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
20.
Kwateng, D. ( 2007, March 14-20). Blacks make up large amount of U.S. homeless population. Miami Times, p. 5A.
21.
Mandel, J. ( 1992). Not slave, not free: The African American economic experience since the Civil War. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
22.
Massey, D.S., & Denton, N. ( 1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
23.
Miller, H. ( 1991). On the fringe: The dispossessed in America. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
24.
Moore, S. ( 1995). Adolescent Black males’ drug trafficking and addiction . Journal of Black Studies, 26, 99-116.
25.
Ringenbach, P. ( 1973). Tramps and reformers 1873-1916: The discovery of unemployment in New York. Westport, CT: Greenwood .
26.
Rossi, P. ( 1989). Down and out in America. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
27.
Schneider, J. ( 1986). Skid row as an urban neighborhood: 1880-1960. In J. Erickson & C. Wilhelm (Eds.), Housing the homeless (pp. 167-189). New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research .
28.
Shaw, V.N., Hser, Y., Anglin, M.D., & Boyle, K. ( 1999). Sequence of powder cocaine and crack use among arrestees in Los Angeles County. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25, 47-66.
29.
Slaughter, L. ( 1969). The freedmen of the South. Cincinnati, OH: Elm Street.
30.
Squires, G. ( 1994). Capital and communities in Black and White: The intersections of race, class, and uneven development. Albany: State University of New York Press.
31.
Still, W. ( 1970). The underground railroad. Chicago : Johnson.
32.
Strother, H.T. ( 1962). The underground railroad in Connecticut. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press .
33.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1970). Statistical abstract of the United States 91st annual edition. Washington, DC: Author.
34.
U.S. Conference of Mayors. (2002). A status report on hunger and homelessness in America’s cities . Washington, DC: Author.
35.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. ( 1994). Priority: Home! The federal plan to break the cycle of homelessness (HUD-1454-CPD 1). Washington, DC : Author.
36.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. ( 2007). The annual homeless assessment report to Congress . Washington, DC: Author.
37.
Wolch, J., & Dear, M. ( 1993). Malign neglect: Homelessness in an American city . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
38.
Wolters, R. ( 1970). Negroes and the Great Depression. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
