Using qualitative and quantitative methods this article examines the campaigns of two African American candidates in an effort to ascertain what African American office seekers need to do to win high-profile statewide offices; that is, the offices of governor and U.S. Senate. In the process we determine to what degree race played a role in both candidate's defeat.
Citrin, J., Green, D.P., & Sears, D.O. (1990). White reactions to Black candidates. When does race matter? Public Opinion Quarterly, 54, 74-96.
2.
Edds, M. (1987). Free at last: What really happened when civil rights came to southern politics. Bethesda, MD: Adler & Adler.
3.
Grofman, B., & Handley, L. (1989). Black representation: Making sense of electoral geography at different levels of government. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 14, 265-279.
4.
Jeffries, J.L. (1998). Blacks and high profile statewide office: 1966-1996 . Western Journal of Black Studies, 22, 164-173.
5.
Jeffries, J.L. (1999). U.S. Senator Edward W. Brooke and Governor L. Douglas Wilder tell political scientists how Blacks can win high-profile statewide office. PS: Political Science and Politics, 32(3), 583-587.
6.
Jeffries, J.L. (2000). Virginia's native son: The election and administration of Governor L. Douglas Wilder. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press.
7.
Humbert, M. (2002, November 6). Pataki cruises to third term. New York Post, p. BC.
8.
Lieske, J., & Hillard, J.W. (1984). The racial factor in urban elections. Western Political Quarterly, 37(4), 545-563.
9.
Navarro, M. (2002, November 9). Pataki's success among Latinos worries some Democrats. New York Times, p. B-1.
10.
Perez-Pena, R., & Connelly, M. (2002, October 18). Pataki viewed favorably in poll, despite qualms about economy. New York Times, p. A-1.
11.
Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. ( 2002a). Hevesi, Spitzer have big leads in New York races, Quinnipiac University Poll finds; Slim Majority of state voters back NYC commuter tax . Retrieved August 15, 2003, from http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1318.xml?ReleaseID=450
12.
Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. ( 2002b). McCall takes lead among likely New York Dem voters, Quinnipiac University Poll finds; Cuomo backers moving to undecided. Retrieved August 15, 2003, from http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1318.xml?ReleaseID=447
13.
Quinnipiac University Polling Institute. ( 2002c, September). Pataki tops McCall 46 - 35 among likely voters, Quinnipiac University Poll finds; Golisano takes equal bite out of both candidates . Retrieved August 15, 2003, from http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1318.xml?releaseid=449
14.
Reeves, K. (1997). Voting hopes or fears? White voters, Black candidates & racial politics in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
15.
Shipp, E.R. (2002, August 18). McCall's got the resume but not the charisma. New York Daily News, p. 41.
16.
Siegel, J. (2002a, August 7). Latinos on Pataki's side. New York Daily News, p. 25.
17.
Siegel, J. (2002b, September 15). Latino vote key in gove race. New York Daily News, p. 10.
18.
Sonenshein, R.J. (1990). Can Black candidates win statewide elections? Political Science Quarterly, 105(2), 219-241.
19.
Strickland, R.A., & Whicker, M.L. (1992). Comparing the Wilder and Gantt campaigns: A model for Black candidate success in statewide elections. PS: Political Science and Politics25(2), 204-212.
20.
SurveyUSA Research. (2002, November). Republicans take TX: Perry by 10, Cornyn by 8, Dewhurst by 7 pts. Retrieved August 15, 2003, from http://www.surveyusa.com/2002_Elections/TX021101govtrack.pdf
21.
Williams, L.F. (1990). White/Black perceptions of the electability of Black political candidates. National Political Science Review , 2, 45-64.
