Africans in Spain have a large historical presence and influence, but recently a growing official discourse of Europeanization since the incorporation in the European Union puts in a serious danger the Africanity of Spain and leads to a growing racism. This article describes the different generations of Black populations in Spain, the identity conflicts and how one can organize and defy the dominant discourse.
Asante, M.K. (2003). Afrocentricity: The theory of social change. Chicago: African American Images.
2.
Bolekia, J. (2005). Speech at the 2nd Pan-African Congress. Unpublished proceedings.
3.
Conclusions of the 2nd Pan-African Congress. (2005). Unpublished proceedings.
4.
El Pais. (2005, October 12).
5.
Malcolm X. & Haley, A. (1992). Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Ballantine. (Originally published 1964)
6.
Masó, C.C. (1973). Juan Latino: Gloria de España y de su raza. Chicago: Nororiental.
7.
Serra, S., Toasije, A. (2004). La immigració, països emisors i les Illes Balears [The immigration emitting countries and the Balearic Islands]. Palma de Mallorca, Spain: Edicions Cort.
8.
Toasijé, A., & Vvaa (2004 ). La immigració, països emisors i les Illes Balears [The immigration emitting countries and the Balearic Islands]. Palma de Mallorca, Spain: Edicions Cort.
9.
Van Sertima, I. (1991). The golden age of the Moor. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
