Scant attention has been paid to the social and economic diversity within the African American community in particular cities at the beginning stage of the Great Migration. This article examines the variation in characteristics of African Americans from different places of birth at the onset of the Great Migration living in one city, Hartford, Connecticut. The article focuses on three major attributes of African Americans with differing geographic backgrounds residing in Hartford during this time period: (a) their socioeconomic status, (b) their settlement patterns within the city, and (c) the extent of their civic participation. The article reveals sizable differences along these three dimensions among African Americans of differing geographic origins.
Alexander, J.T.
(1998).
The Great Migration in comparative perspective: Interpreting the urban origins of southern Black migrants to Depression-era Pittsburgh
. Social Science History, 22(3),
349-376
.
2.
Chicago Committee on Race Relations.
(1922 ). The Negro in Chicago: A study of race relations and a race riot.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
.
3.
City of Hartford.
(1920). Registrar of voters 1920 national and state election, November 2, 1920 .
Storrs: University of Connecticut, Thomas J. Dodd Research Center
.
4.
The colored people who live in Hartford. (1915, October 24). The Hartford Courant, part 3, 1.
Frazier, E.F.
(1932). The Negro family in Chicago.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
.
7.
Gottlieb, P.
(1977). Making their own way: Southern Blacks' migration to Pittsburgh, 1916-30.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press
.
8.
Grossman, J.R.
(1989). Land of hope: Chicago, Black southerners, and the Great Migration.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
.
9.
Henri, F.
(1975). Black migration: Movement north, 1900-1920.
Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday
.
10.
Johnson, C.S.
(1921). The Negro population of Hartford, Connecticut .
New York: National Urban League
.
11.
Lewis, C.L.
(1999). “They Must Make Good:” The migration of African Americans to Connecticut during World War I. Unpublished master's thesis,
University of Iowa, Ames
.
12.
Lieberson, S.
(1963). Ethnic patterns in American cities.
New York: Free Press of Glencoe
.
13.
Massey, D.S.
, &
Denton, N.A.
(1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
.
14.
Meier, A.
, &
Rudwick, E.
(1976). From plantation to ghetto (3rd ed.).
New York: Hill & Wang
.
15.
Mossell, S.T.
(1921).
The standard of living among one hundred Negro migrant families in Philadelphia
. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 98,
173-218
.
16.
National Archives and Records Administration.
( 1991). 1920 census schedules (microfilm T625, 182-184).
Washington, DC: Author
.
17.
Pawlowski, R.E.
, &
The Northwest Catholic High School Urban Studies Class.
(1973). How the other half lived: An ethnic history of the old east side and the south end of Hartford.
West Hartford: Author
.
18.
Ruggles, S.
, &
Sobek, M.
(1995). Integrated public use microdata series (Version 1.0).
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Social History Research Laboratory
.
19.
Scott, E.J.
(1969).
Negro migration during the war
.
New York: Arno Press
/The New York Times.
20.
Tolnay, S.E.
(2001).
The Great Migration gets underway: A comparison of Black southern migrants and nonmigrants in the North, 1920
. Social Science Quarterly, 82(2),
235-252
.
21.
Tolnay, S.E.
,
Crowder, K.D.
, &
Adelman, R.M.
(2000) “
Narrow and Filthy Alleys of the City”? The residential settlement patterns of Black southern migrants to the North
. Social Forces, 78(3),
989-1015
.
22.
Tolnay, S.E.
,
Kyle, D.C.
, &
Adelman, R.M.
(2002).
Race, regional origin, and residence in northern cities at the beginning of the Great Migration
. American Sociological Review, 67,
456-475
.
23.
Trotter, J.W.
, Jr. (1985). Black Milwaukee: The making of an industrial proletariat, 1915-45.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press
.
24.
Trotter, J. W.
, Jr. (Ed.). (1991). The Great Migration in historical perspective: New dimensions of race, class, and gender.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press
.
25.
U.S. Bureau of the Census.
(1922). Fourteenth census of the United States, 1920 (Vol. III, Table 13).
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
.
