This article contributes to recent scholarship that has sought to investigate the international influence of the Black Panther Party. It does this by providing a brief narrative outline of the Australian Black Panther Party, formed at the end of 1971 by militant Aboriginal activists. It then suggests, however, that the most enduring influence of the American Black Panther Party in Australia is not the adoption of the American Party’s name and program. Instead, it can be seen in the way Aborigines, inspired by the example of the Panthers’ community survival programs, developed their own free medical and legal services.
Aborigines visit the US: Report on trip by five Aborigines to Congress of African People and United Nations. (1971). Melbourne [Pamphlet].
2.
Anderson, K. J. (1993). Place narratives and the origins of inner Sydney’s Aboriginal settlement, 1972-1973. Journal of Historical Geography, 19(3), 314-335.
3.
Anti-racism action plans. (1972, February 8-14). The Tribune, pp. 3, 10.
4.
Attwood, B. (2003). Rights for Aborigines. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
5.
Attwood, B., & Markus, A. (with Edwards, D., & Schilling, K.). (1997). The 1967 referendum or, when Aborigines didn’t get the vote. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.
6.
Black Panther Party of Australia. (1972a). Manifesto number one. Unpublished flyer.
7.
Black Panther Party of Australia. (1972b). Manifesto number two. Unpublished flyer.
8.
Black Panther Party of Australia. (1972c). Platform and program. Unpublished flyer.
9.
Black power: Many means to the same end. (1969, September 4). Origin, p. 1.
10.
Bostock, G. (1985). Black theatre. In J. Davis & B. Hodge (Eds.), Aboriginal writing today: Papers from the 1st national conference of Aboriginal writers held in Perth, Western Australia, in 1983 (pp. 63-73). Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
11.
Briscoe, G. (1972). The Aboriginal medical service. Social Service, 23, 24-25.
12.
Briscoe, G. (1978, April). Aboriginal health and land rights. New Doctor (Journal of the Doctors’ Reform Society), pp. 13-15..
13.
Chisholm, R. (1971, May). The Aboriginal legal service. Justice, 4, 26-33.
14.
Cleaver, E. (1968). Soul on ice. New York: McGraw-Hill.
15.
Clemons, M. L., & Jones, C. E. (2001). Global solidarity: The Black Panther Party in the international arena. In K. Cleaver & G. Katsiaficas (Eds.), Liberation, imagination and the Black Panther Party (pp. 20-39). New York: Routledge.
16.
Coe, P. (1975, May 22). Lateline [Audio recording]. Sydney, New South Wales: Australian Broadcasting Commission.
17.
Commonwealth of Australia. (1967, September). Parliamentary debates (House of Representatives). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
18.
Coombs, H. C. (1978). Kulimna: Listening to Aboriginal Australians. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
19.
de Brito, G. (1972, February 22). Black power. The Daily Mirror, pp. 28-29.
20.
Eggleston, E. (1970). Aborigines and the administration of justice: A critical analysis of the application of criminal law to Aborigines. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
21.
Eggleston, E. (1974, May). Aboriginal legal services [Unpublished manuscript]. Paper presented to the biennial conference of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
22.
Eggleston, E. (1977). Aboriginal legal services. In R. M. Berndt (Ed.), Aborigines and change: Australia in the 70s (pp. 353-367). Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
23.
Fanon, F. (1967a). Black skin, White masks. New York: Grove Press.
24.
Fanon, F. (1967b). The wretched of the earth. New York: Grove Press.
25.
Foley, G. (1988a). One Black life. Rolling Stone Yearbook (Australia), pp. 107-111.
26.
Foley, G. (1988b). Talking history. Land Rights News, 2(8), 30-31.
27.
Foley, G. (1991). The Aboriginal Medical Service: A political history. In Redfern Aboriginal Medical Service 20th anniversary book (pp. 4-9). Sydney: Aboriginal Medical Service Cooperative.
28.
Foley, G. (2001). Black power in Redfern, 1968-1972 [Online]. Unpublished bachelor’s (honors) thesis, Department of History, University of Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved from http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/essays
29.
Foner, P. S. (Ed.).(1970). The Black Panthers speak. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company.
30.
Frape, G. (1969, June 12). Black power in Australia?Broadside (Melbourne), pp. 4-7.
31.
Frizell, H. (1971, December 21). Black brothers. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 7.
32.
Goodall, H. (1996). Invasion to embassy: Land in Aboriginal politics in New South Wales, 1770-1972. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
33.
Gurr, T. R. (1983). Outcomes of public protest among Australia’s Aborigines. American Behavioral Scientist, 26(3), 353-373.
34.
Heath, G. L. (1976). Off the pigs! The history and literature of the Black Panther Party. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press.
35.
Jackson, G. (1970). Soledad brother: The prison letters of George Jackson. New York: Bantam Books.
36.
Jobson, S. (1970, December 9). Aborigines would lead own destiny. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 10.
37.
Lickiss, N. (1971, March). Aboriginal children in Sydney: The socio-economic environment. Oceania, 41, 201-228.
38.
Lothian, K. (2002). A Blackward step is a forward step: Australian Aborigines and Black power, 1969-1972. Unpublished master’s thesis, Department of History, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
39.
Lucas, D. (1995). Breaking the silence that silences: A time of challenge and change in Aboriginal/police relations, the 1960s and 1970s. Current Issues in Criminal Justice (Journal of the Institute of Criminology), 7, 44-59.
40.
Malcolm X (with Haley, A.). (1965). The autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Grove Press.
41.
Marable, M. (1984). Race, reform and rebellion: The second reconstruction in Black America 1945-1982. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
42.
Maza, B. (1969, April-June). The Koorie’s disillusionment. Smoke Signals, pp. 3-4.
43.
McGregor, R. (1993). Protest and progress: Aboriginal activism in the 1930s. Australian Historical Studies, 25(101), 555-568.
44.
McGuinness, B. (1969). [Review of the book Black power by S. Carmichael & C. V. Hamilton]. The Koorier, 1(7), 12.
45.
McGuinness, B. (1970). Will the real honky please stand up?Origin, 3(1), 6.
46.
McGuinness, B. (1972, November). Black power. Identity, pp. 4-5.
47.
Nathan, P. (1980). “A home away from home”: A study of the Aboriginal health service in Fitzroy. Melbourne: Preston Institute of Technology Press.
48.
Pisarski, A. (1992). Interview with Gary Foley. Twelve to Twenty-Five, 2(2), 17-21.
49.
Pittock, A. B. (1970a, February). Aborigines and Black power!AAL Newsletter, 27, 12-16.
50.
Pittock, A. B. (1970b). Easter 1970 and the origins of the National Tribal Council: A personal view. Unpublished manuscript.
51.
Read, P. (1990). Charles Perkins: A biography. Melbourne: Penguin Books.
52.
Reid, D. B. (1978). Aboriginal medical services, Perth, Western Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 1(1), 53-55.
53.
Roosevelt Brown meets the press. (1969, September). Smoke Signals, pp. 4-11.
54.
Rowdy night as Aborigines vote. (1971, November 27). Sydney Morning Herald, p. 3.
55.
Seale, B. (1970). Seize the time: The story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton. New York: Random House.
56.
Smith, J. B. (1999). An international history of the Black Panther Party. New York: Garland Publishing.
57.
Smith, S., & Sykes, R. (1974). Transcript of Black studies lecture, Monash University. Unpublished manuscript.
58.
Sykes, B. (1992). Mum Shirl: An autobiography (with the assistance of Bobbi Sykes). Melbourne: Mammoth Australia.
59.
Tatz, C., & McConnochie, K. (Eds.). (1975). Black viewpoints: The Aboriginal experience. Sydney: Australia and New Zealand Book Company.
60.
Taylor, T. (1972, January 12). Aboriginal “Panthers” plan their own party. The Herald (Melbourne), p. 12.
61.
The breakfast program—from small beginnings. (1972, December). New Dawn, p. 13.
62.
The twenty-one police squad v. Redfern Aborigines. (1973, August). Identity, pp. 36-37.
63.
Townsend, S. (1971, December 5). Black power comes to Australia. The Sunday Australian, p. 11.
64.
Walker, K. (1969). Extracts from “coalition of Black and White Australians.” The Koorier, 1(8), 19.
65.
Wootten, J. H. (1973). The New South Wales Aboriginal Legal Service. In L. Lippmann (Ed.), Aborigines in the 70s: Seminars 1972-1973 (pp. 157-177). Melbourne: Centre for Research Into Aboriginal Affairs, Monash University.
