For many years, the island of Hispaniola served as a prototype for the European conquest of the New World. It also gave home to the world’s first Black Republic. Between 1791 and 1804, an army of former slaves successfully overthrew the colonial regime. This event, however (despite its enormous effect on future developments in the Western hemisphere), is almost forgotten in the West today. This article explores the reasons for the deletion of the Haitian Revolution from the West’s historical map.
Aptheker, H. (1940). The Negro in the American Revolution. New York: International Publisher.
2.
Barskett, J. (1818). History of the Island of St. Domingo. From its first discovery by Columbus to the present period. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Co.
3.
Bethel, E. R. (1997). The roots of African-American identity: Memory and history in free antebellum communities. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
4.
Blumberg, R. (1998). What’s the deal? Jefferson, Napoleon, and the Louisiana Purchase. Washington, DC: The National Geographic Society.
5.
Bourdieu, P. (1980). Le sens pratique [The logic of practice]. Paris: Les éditions de Minuit.
6.
Brown, J. (1837). The history and present condition of St. Domingo (Vol. II). Philadelphia: William Marshall & Co.
7.
Buch, H. C. (1976). Die Scheidung von San Domingo: Wie die Negersklaven von Haiti Robespierre beim Wort nahmen [The divorce of San Domingo: How the Negro slaves of Haiti took Robespierre at his word]. Berlin: Wagenbach.
8.
Buch, H. C. (1986). Die Hochzeit von Port-au-Prince [The wedding at Port-au-Prince]. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
9.
Bullock, J. C. (n.d.). Black patriots of the American Revolution, 1775-1783. n.p.
10.
Carruthers, J. H. (1985). The irritated genie: An essay on the Haitian Revolution. Chicago: The Kemetic Institute.
11.
Debien, G., Fouchard, J., & Menier, M.-A. (1977). Toussaint Louverture avant 1789: Légendes et réalitées [Toussaint Louverture before 1789: Legends and realities]. Conjonction: Revue Franco-Haïtienne, 134, 67-80.
12.
Dew, T. R. (1849). An essay on slavery. Richmond: J. W. Randolph.
13.
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1915). The Negro. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
14.
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1939). Black folk—Then and now: An essay in the history and sociology of the Negro race. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
15.
Du Bois, W.E.B. (1997). The souls of Black folk. In H. L. Gates & N. Y. McKay (Eds.), The Norton anthology of African American literature (pp. 613-740). New York: W. W. Norton & Co. (Original work published 1903)
16.
Egerton, D. R. (1993). Gabriel’s rebellion: The Virginia slave conspiracies of 1800 & 1802. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
17.
Fleming, T. (2001). Napoléon’s invasion of North America: Aedes aegypti takes a holiday, 1802. In R. Cowley (Ed.), What if? 2: Eminent historians imagine what might have been (pp. 134-151). New York: Putnam’s Sons.
18.
Foner, P. S. (1975). The voice of Black America: Major speeches by Blacks in the United States, 1797-1973, Vol. I, 1797-1900. New York: Capricorn Books.
19.
Foucault, M. (1968). Les mots et les Choses: Une archeologie des sciences humaines [The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences]. Paris: Gallimard.
20.
Gadamer, H.-G. (1990). Wahrheit und Methode: Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik [Truth and method] (6th ed.). Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr.
21.
Geggus, D. P. (Ed.). (2001). The impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic world. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
22.
Geggus, D. P. (2002). Haitian Revolutionary studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
23.
Gillespie, C. R. (1998). Papa Toussaint. San Jose: to Excel.
24.
Henty, G. A. (n.d.). A roving commission. Or, through the Black insurrection of Hayti. London: Blackie & Son.
25.
Herskovitz, M. J. (1937). Life in a Haitian valley. New York: Harper & Brothers.
26.
Holly, J. T. (1857). A vindication of the capacity of the Negro race for self-government and civilized progress as demonstrated by historical events of the Haytian Revolution. New Haven: W. H. Stanley Printer.
27.
Hunt, A. N. (1988). Haiti’s influence on antebellum America: Slumbering volcano in the Caribbean. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
28.
James, C.L.R. (1938). The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo revolution (2nd ed.). New York: Vintage 1963.
29.
Kaplan, S. (1973). The Black presence in the era of the American Revolution 1770-1800. New York: New York Graphic Society.
30.
Kleist, H. v. (1811). Die Verlobung in St. Domingo [The betrothal in San Domingo]. In Erzählungen (pp. 1-85). Berlin: Realschulbuchhandlung.
31.
Kuhn, T. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
32.
Lambalot, R. (1989). Toussaint Louverture, prisonnier d’état au Château de Joux: L’extraordinaire destin d’un ancien esclave de Saint Domingue devenu gouverneur général et symbole de l’émancipation des noirs [Toussaint Louverture, state prisoner at the Castle of Joux: The extraordinary destiny of a former slave on Saint Domingue who became governor-general and symbol of the emancipation of the Blacks]. Pontarlier: Imprimerie Maire.
33.
Laujon, A.P.M. (1805). Précis historique de la dernière expédition de Saint-Domingue, depuis le départ de l’Armée des Côtes de France, jusqu’à l’évacuation de la Colonie; suivi des moyens de rétablissement de cette colonie [Precise history of the last expedition to Saint Domingue, from the army’s departure from the coast of France, to the evacuation of the colony; followed by the means to reestablish that colony]. Paris: Delafolie & Le Normant.
34.
Loverture, T. (1804). The life and military achievements of Tousant Loverture [sic]. Philadelphia: Author.
35.
Lundy, B. (1847). Life, travels and opinions of Benjamin Lundy, including his journeys to Texas and Mexico; with a sketch of contemporary events, and a notice of the revolution in Hayti. Compiled under the direction and on behalf of his children. Philadelphia: William D. Parrish.
36.
Madiou, T. (1922). Histoire d’Haiti [History of Haiti]. Tome troisième. Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie Chéraquit.
37.
Maurer, E. (1950). Der schwarze Revolutionär: Toussaint Louverture [The Black revolutionary: Toussaint Louverture]. Meisenheim/Glan: Westkulturverlag.
38.
Miers, S., & Kopytoff, I. (Eds.). (1977). Slavery in Africa: Historical and anthropological perspectives. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
39.
Montague, L. L. (1940). Haiti and the United States, 1714-1938. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Patterson, O. (1982). Slavery and social death: A comparative study. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
42.
Phillips, W. (1954). One of the greatest men in history: Toussaint Louverture. As seen by the greatest U.S. lecturer: Wendell Phillips. Lecture given in New York and Boston, December 1861. Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie de l’État.
43.
Pluchon, P. (1989). Toussaint Louverture: un révolutionnaire noir d’Ancien régime [Toussaint Louverture: A revolutionary of the old regime]. Paris: Fayard.
44.
Rainsford, M. (1805). An historical account of the Black empire of Hayti: Comprehending a view of the principal transactions in the revolution of Saint Domingo with its ancient and modern state. London: Albion Press.
45.
Reinhardt, T. (2002). “And the tom-toms beat...”: Figuren der europäischen Imagination und das afroamerikanische Afrikabild von den Anfängen bis zur Äthiopienkrise 1935 [“And the tom-toms beat...”: Figures of European imagination and African American images of Africa from the beginnings to the Ethiopian Crisis 1935]. Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, 48, 207-223.
46.
Robertson, D. (1999). Denmark Vesey: The buried history of America’s largest slave rebellion and the man who led it. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
47.
Robinson, R. (2000). The debt: What Americaowes to the Blacks. New York:Dutton Books.
48.
Saint-Méry, M.L.E.M.d. (1985). A civilization that perished: The last years of White colonial rule in Haiti (Ivor D. Spencer, Ed. and Trans.). Lanham, MD: University Press of America. (Original work published 1797)
49.
Shange, N. (1977). For colored girls who have considered suicide/When the rainbow is enuf: A choreopoem. New York: Scribner Poetry.
50.
Smith, J. M. (1841). A lecture on the Haytian Revolution: With a sketch of the character of Toussaint L’Ouverture. Delivered at the Stuyvesant Institute for the Benefit of the Colored Orphan Asylum, February 26, 1841. New York: Daniel Fanshaw.
51.
St. John, S. (1880). Hayti, or the Black Republic. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
52.
Trouillot, M.-R. (1995). Silencing the past: Power and the production of history. Boston: Beacon Press.
