The aim of this article is to analyze W.E.B. Du Bois's educational thought for its key contributions to contemporary Africana philosophy of education. To succinctly explore Du Bois's philosophy of education, the article outlines some of the ways his pedagogical theories and practices are inextricable from, and virtually incomprehensible without critically considering, his philosophy of history, concepts of culture, economic thought, and social and political philosophy. Arguing that many scholars have both masked and marred Du Bois's contributions to philosophy of education by focusing almost exclusively on his "talented tenth" theory, this study examines his educational thought after he produced the classic, "The Talented Tenth" (1903), essay. The article advances that Du Bois's revision of the talented tenth into a theory of the "guiding hundredth," which stresses struggle, sacrifice and service, group leadership, and African historical and cultural grounding, provides Africana philosophy of education with a pedagogical paradigm and provocative point of departure.
Adell, S.
(1994). Double consciousness/double bind: Theoretical issues in twentieth-century Black literature. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
2.
Aldridge, D.P. (1997). The social, economic, and political thought of W.E.B. Du Bois during the 1930s: Implications for contemporary African American education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.
3.
Allen, E., Jr.
(1992). Ever feeling one's twoness: "Double ideas" and "double consciousness" in The Souls of Black Folk. Critique of Anthropology, 12, 261-275.
4.
Anderson, E.
, & Zuberi, T. (Eds.). (2000). The study of African American Problems: W.E.B. Du Bois's agenda, then and now. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
5.
Andrews, W.L.
(Ed.). (1985). Critical essays on W.E.B. Du Bois. Boston: G.K. Hall.
6.
Ani, M.
(1980). Let the circle be unbroken: The implications of African spirituality in the diaspora. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea.
7.
Ani, M.
(1994). Yurugu: An African-centered critique of European cultural thought and behavior. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
8.
Appiah, K.A.
(1992). In my father's house: Africa in the philosophy of culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
9.
Appiah, K.A.
(1995). "The uncompleted argument: Du Bois and the illusion of race." In A.G. Mosley (Ed.), African philosophy: Selected Rradings (pp. 199-215). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
10.
Aptheker, H.
(1948). W.E.B. Du Bois: The first eighty years. Phylon, 9, 58-69.
11.
Aptheker, H.
(1949). The Washington-Du Bois conference of 1904. Science and Society, 13, 344-351.
12.
Aptheker, H.
(1966). W.E.B. Du Bois: The final years. Journal of Human Relations, 14, 149-155.
13.
Aptheker, H.
(1981). W.E.B. Du Bois and Africa. Political Affairs, 60, 19-37.
14.
Aptheker, H.
(1982). W.E.B. Du Bois and religion: A brief reassessment. Journal of Religious Thought, 59, 5-11.
15.
Aptheker, H.
(1983). W.E.B. Du Bois and the struggle against racism. New York: United Nations Center Against Apartheid.
16.
Aptheker, H.
(1989). The literary legacy of W.E.B. Du Bois. White Plains, NY: Kraus International.
17.
Aptheker, H.
(1990). W.E.B. Du Bois: Struggle not despair. Clinical Sociology Review, 8, 58-68.
18.
Asante, M.K.
(1995). The Afrocentric idea in education. In F.L. Hord & J,S. Lee (Eds.), I am because we are: Readings in Black philosophy (pp. 338-349). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
19.
Baber, W.L.
(1992). Capitalism and racism: Discontinuities in the life and work of W.E.B. Du Bois. Critique of Anthropology, 12, 339-364.
20.
Baker, H.A., Jr.
(1972). The Black man of culture: W.E.B. Du Bois and The souls of Black folk. In H.A. Baker (Ed.), Long Black song (pp. 96-109). Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
21.
Beavers, H.
(2000). Romancing the body politic: Du Bois's propaganda of the dark world. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 568, 250-264.
22.
Bell, B.W.
(1985). W.E.B. Du Bois's struggle to reconcile folk and high art. In W.L. Andrews (Ed.), Critical essays on W.E.B. Du Bois (pp. 106-122). Boston: G.K. Hall.
23.
Bell, B.W.
(1996). Genealogical shifts in Du Bois's discourse on double-consciousness as the sign of African American difference. In B.W. Bell, E.R. Grosholz, & J.B. Stewart (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois: On race and culture (pp. 87-110). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
24.
Bell, B.W.
, Grosholz, E.R., & Stewart, J.B. (Eds.). (1996). W.E.B. Du Bois: On race and culture. Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
25.
Berman, R.A.
(1997). Du Bois and Wagner: Race, nation, and culture between the United States and Germany. German Quarterly, 70, 123-135.
26.
Blau, J.R.
, & Brown, E.S. (2001). Du Bois and diasporic identity: The veil and unveiling project. Sociological Theory, 19, 219-233.
27.
Blight, D.W.
(1994). W.E.B. Du Bois and the struggle for American historical memory. In G. Fabre & R. O'Meally (Eds.), History and memory in African American culture (pp. 43-67). New York: Oxford University Press.
28.
Bobo, L.D.
(2000). Reclaiming a Du Boisian perspective on racial attitudes. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 568, 186-202.
29.
Boxill, B. (1977-1978). Du Bois and Fanon on culture. The Philosophical Forum 9, 326-338.
30.
Boxill, B.
(1996). Du Bois on cultural pluralism. In B.W. Bell, E.R. Grosholz, & J.B. Stewart (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois: On race and culture (pp. 57-86). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
31.
Bridges, C.W., II. (1973). The curriculum theory context of activity analysis and the educational philosophies of Washington and Du Bois. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus.
32.
Broderick, F.L. (1955). W.E.B. Du Bois: The trail of his ideas. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.
33.
Broderick, F.L.
(1958a). The academic training of W.E.B. Du Bois. Journal of Negro Education, 27, 10-16.
34.
Broderick, F.L.
(1958b). German Influence on the scholarship of W.E.B. Du Bois. Phylon, 19, 367-371.
35.
Broderick, F.L.
(1958c). The tragedy of W.E.B. Du Bois. Progressive, 22, 29-32.
36.
Broderick, F.L.
(1959). W.E.B. Du Bois: Negro leader in a time of crisis. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
37.
Broderick, F.L.
(1974). W.E.B. Du Bois: History of an intellectual. In J.E. Blackwell & M. Janowitz (Eds.), Black sociologists: Historical and contemporary perspectives (pp. 3-24). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38.
Brodwin, S.
(1972). The veil transcended: Form and meaning in W.E.B. Du Bois's The souls of Black folk. Journal of Black Studies, 2, 303-321.
39.
Bruce, D.D., Jr.
(1992). W.E.B. Du Bois and the idea of double consciousness. American Literature, 64, 299-309.
40.
Bruce, D.D., Jr.
(1995). W.E.B. Du Bois and the dilemma of race. American Literary History, 7, 334-343.
41.
Bulmer, M.
(1995). The challenge of African American Leadership in an ambiguous world: W.E.B. Du Bois, Cater G. Woodson, Ralph Bunche and Thurgood Marshall in historical perspective. Ethnic & Racial Studies, 18, 629-647.
42.
Burks, B.
(1997). Unity and diversity through education: A comparison of the thought of W.E.B. Du Bois and John Dewey. Journal of Thought, 32, 99-110.
43.
Byerman, K.E. (1978). Two warring ideals: The dialectical thought of W.E.B. Du Bois. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue University.
44.
Byerman, K.E.
(1981). Hearts of darkness: Narrative voices in The Souls of Black Folk. American Literary Realism, 14, 43-51.
45.
Byerman, K.E.
(1994). Seizing the word: History, art, and self in the work of W.E.B. Du Bois. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
46.
Cabral, A.
(1972). Revolution in Guinea: Selected texts. New York: Monthly Review Press.
47.
Cabral, A.
(1973). Return to the source: Selected speeches of Amilcar Cabral. New York: Monthly Review Press.
48.
Cabral, A.
(1979). Unity and struggle: Speeches and writings of Amilcar Cabral. New York: Monthly Review Press.
49.
Cain, W.E.
(1990). W.E.B. Du Bois's Autobiography and the politics of literature. Black American Literature Forum, 24, 299-313.
50.
Cain, W.E.
(1993). From liberalism to communism: The political thought of W.E.B. Du Bois. In A. Kaplan & D.E. Pease (Eds.), Culture of United States imperialism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
51.
Carter, C.L.J. (1998). Higher education and the talented tenth at the new millennium: A study of five Black women of the African diaspora. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Washington University.
52.
Castronovo, R.
(2000). Within the veil of interdisciplinary knowledge? Jefferson, Du Bois, and the negation of politics. New History, 31, 781-804.
53.
Chaffee, M.L.
(1956). William E.B. Du Bois's concept of the racial problem in the United States. Journal of Negro History, 41, 241-258.
54.
Chandler, N.D. (1997). The problem of purity: A study in the early work of W.E.B. Du Bois. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.
55.
Clarke, J.H.
, Jackson, E., Kaiser, E., & O'Dell, J.H. (Eds.). (1970). Black titan: W.E.B. Du Bois. Boston: Beacon.
Collins, P.H.
(1998). Fighting words: Black women and the search for social justice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
58.
Collins, P.H.
(2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
59.
Darsey, J.
(1998). "The voice of exile": W.E.B. Du Bois and the quest for culture. Communication Abstracts, 21, 6.
60.
Davis, W.A.
(1974). Du Bois and the problem of the Black masses. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta University Press.
61.
DeMarco, J.P.
(1974). The rationale and foundation of Du Bois's theory of economic cooperation. Phylon, 35, 5-15.
62.
DeMarco, J.P.
(1983). The social thought of W.E.B. Du Bois. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
63.
Dennis, R.M.
(1977). Du Bois and the role of the educated elite. Journal of Negro Education, 46, 388-402.
64.
Dennis, R.M.
(1996a). Continuities and discontinuities in the social and political thought of W.E.B. Du Bois. Research in Race & Ethnic Relations, 9, 3-23.
65.
Dennis, R.M.
(1996b). Du Bois's concept of double consciousness: Myth and reality. Research in Race & Ethnic Relations, 9, 69-90.
66.
Drake, S.C.
(1986-1987). Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois: A life lived experimentally and self-documented. Contributions in Black Studies, 8, 111-134.
67.
Drake, W.A. (1985). From reform to communism: The intellectual development of W.E.B. Du Bois. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
68.
Drummer, R.S. (1995). Transformational leadership in the life of W.E.B. Du Bois: 1900-1930. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University.
69.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1930a). Africa, its geography, people, and products. Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius.
70.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1930b). Africa, its place in modern history. Girard, KS: Haldemen-Julius.
71.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1938). A pageant in seven decades, 1868-1938. Atlanta: Atlanta University Press.
72.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1939). Black folk then and now: An essay in the history and sociology of the Negro race. New York: Henry Holt.
73.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1945). Color and democracy: Colonies and peace. Orlando, FL: Hartcourt Brace.
74.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1952). In battle for peace: The story of my 83rd birthday. New York: Masses & Mainstream.
75.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1965). The world and Africa: An inquiry into the part which Africa has played in world history. New York: International Publishers.
76.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1968a). The autobiography of W.E.B. Du Bois: A soliloquy on viewing my life from the last decade of its first century. New York: International Publishers.
77.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1968b). Dusk of dawn: An essay toward an autobiography of a race concept. New York: Schocken.
78.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1969a). Darkwater: Voices from within the veil. New York: Schocken.
79.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1969b). The souls of Black folk. New York: New American Library.
80.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1970a). The gift of Black folk: The Negro in the making of America. New York: Simon & Schuster.
81.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1970b). The Negro. New York: Oxford University Press.
82.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1970c). W.E.B. Du Bois speaks: Speeches and addresses, 1899-1963 (Vols. 1 & 2, P.S. Foner, Ed.). New York: Pathfinder Press.
83.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1971). W.E.B. Du Bois: A reader (A. Paschal, Ed.). New York: Collier Books.
84.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1973). The education of Black people: Ten critiques, 1906-1960 (H. Aptheker, Ed.). New York: Monthly Review Press.
85.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1978). W.E.B. Du Bois on sociology and the Black community (D.S. Green & E.D. Driver, Eds.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
86.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1985). Against racism: Unpublished essays, papers, addresses, 1887-1961 (H. Aptheker, Ed.). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
87.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1986). Du Bois: Writings (N.I. Huggins, Ed.). New York: The Library of America Press.
88.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1995). Black reconstruction in America, 1860-1880. New York: Touchstone.
89.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1995). W.E.B. Due Bois reader (D.L. Lewis, Ed.). New York: Henry Holt.
90.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1996a). The Philadelphia Negro: A social study. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
91.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1996b). "The Talented Tenth" and "The Talented Tenth Memorial Address." In H.L. Gates & C. West, The future of the race (pp. 133-179). New York: Knopf.
92.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1996c). The Oxford W.E.B. Du Bois reader (E. Sundquist, Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
93.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(1997). The souls of Black folk (R. Gooding-Williams & D.W. Blight, Eds.). Boston: Bedford Books.
94.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(2001). The Negro. Mineola, NY: Dover.
95.
Du Bois, W.E.B.
(2002). Du Bois on Education (E.F. Provenzo, Jr., Ed.). Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira.
96.
Durr, M.
(2001). The new politics of race: From Du Bois to the 21st century. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
97.
Echeruo, M.J.C.
(1992). Edward W. Blyden, W.E.B. Du Bois, and the "color complex."Journal of Modern African Studies, 30, 669-684.
98.
English, P.
, & Kalumba, K.M. (Eds.). (1996). African philosophy: A classical approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Fanon, F.
(1967). Black skin, White masks (C.L. Markmann, Trans.). New York: Grove.
102.
Fanon, F.
(1968). The wretched of the Earth (C. Farrington, Trans.) New York: Grove.
103.
Fontenot, C.
(Ed.). (2001). W.E.B. Du Bois & race: Essays celebrating the centennial publication of The souls of Black folk. Macon, GA: Mercer University.
104.
Franklin, V.P.
(1995). The autobiographical legacy of W.E.B. Du Bois. In V.P. Franklin (Ed.), Living our stories, telling our truths: Autobiography and the making of the African American intellectual tradition (pp. 223-274). New York: Scribner.
105.
Freedman, M.N. (1975). The rhetorical adaptation of social movement leaders: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.
106.
Gates, H.L., Jr.
(1996). W.E.B. Du Bois and "the talented tenth." In H.L. Gates & C. West (Eds.), The future of the race (pp. 115-132). New York: Knopf.
107.
Gates, H.L., Jr.
, & West, C. (Eds.) (1996). The future of the race. New York: Knopf.
108.
Gatewood, W.B.
(1994). W.E.B. Du Bois: Elitist as racial radical. Georgia Historical Quarterly, 78, 306-327.
109.
Gbadegesin, O.
(1991). African philosophy: Traditional Yoruba philosophy and contemporary African realities. New York: Peter Lang.
110.
Gibson, L.N. (1977). Du Bois's propaganda literature: An outgrowth of his sociological studies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York-Buffalo.
111.
Gilkes, C.T.
(1996). The margin as the center of a theory of history: African American women, social change, and the sociology of W.E.B. Du Bois. In B.W. Bell, E.R. Grosholz, & J.B. Stewart (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois: On race and culture (pp. 111-141). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
112.
Gilroy, P.
(1993). "Cheer the weary traveler": W.E.B. Du Bois, Germany, and the politics of (dis)placement. In P. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness (pp. 111-145). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
113.
Gipson, C.R. (1971). Intellectual dilemmas in the novels of W.E.B. Du Bois. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
114.
Glascoe, M.G.
(1996). W.E.B. Du Bois: His evolving theory of education. Research in Race & Ethnic Relations, 9, 171-188.
115.
Golden, L.H.
, & Milikan, O. (1966). William E.B. Du Bois: Scientist and public figure. Journal of Human Relations, 14, 156-168.
116.
Goldstein, S.L. (1972). The influence of Marxism on the educational philosophy of W.E.B. Du Bois. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas-Austin.
117.
Gooding-Williams, R.
(1987). Philosophy of history and social critique in The souls of Black folk. Social Science Information, 26, 99-114.
118.
Gooding-Williams, R.
(1991). Evading narrative myth, evading prophetic pragmatism: A review of Cornel West's The American evasion of philosophy. American Philosophical Association Newsletter of the Black Experience, 90, 12-16.
119.
Gooding-Williams, R.
(1991-1992). Evading narrative myth, evading prophetic pragmatism: Cornel West's The American evasion of philosophy. The Massachusetts Review, 32, 517-542.
120.
Gooding-Williams, R.
(1994). Du Bois's counter-sublime. Massachusetts Review, 35, 203-224.
121.
Gooding-Williams, R.
(1996). Outlaw, Appiah, and Du Bois's "The conservation of races." In B.W. Bell, E.R. Grosholz, & J.B. Stewart (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois: On race and culture (pp. 39-56). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
122.
Gordon, L.R.
(Ed.). (1997). Existence in Black: An anthology of Black existential philosophy. Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
123.
Gordon, L.R. (1998). African American philosophy: Theory, politics, and pedagogy. Philosophy of Education Yearbook: 1998. Retrieved October 17, 2001, from http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/1998/gordon.htm
124.
Gordon, L.R.
(2000a). Du Bois's humanistic philosophy of human sciences. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 568, 265-280.
125.
Gordon, L.R.
(2000b). What does it mean to be a problem? W.E.B. Du Bois on the study of Black folk. In L.R. Gordon (Ed.), Existentia Africana: Understanding Africana existential thought (pp. 62-95). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
Greco, R.D. (1984). The educational views of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois: A critical comparison. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago.
128.
Green, D.S.
(1977). W.E.B. Du Bois's talented tenth: A strategy for racial advancement. Journal of Negro Education, 46, 358-366.
129.
Green, D.S.
, & Smith, E. (1983). W.E.B. Du Bois and the concepts of race and class. Phylon, 44, 262-272.
130.
Gregg, R.
(1998). Giant steps: W.E.B. Du Bois and the historical enterprise. In B.M. Katz & T.J. Sugrue (Eds.) W.E.B. Du Bois, race, and the city: The Philadelphia Negro and its legacy (pp. 77-100). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
131.
Grosholz, E.R.
(1996). Nature and culture in The souls of Black folk and Quest of the silver fleece. In R.W. Bell, E.R. Grosholz, & J.B. Stewart (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois: On race and culture (pp. 177-192). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
132.
Guzman, J.P.
(1961). W.E.B. Du Bois-The historian. Journal of Negro Education, 30, 377-385.
133.
Gyekye, K.
(1995). An essay on African philosophical thought: The Akan conceptual scheme. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
134.
Gyekye, K.
(1996). African cultural values: An introduction. Elkins Park, PA: Sankofa.
135.
Gyekye, K.
(1997). Tradition and modernity: Philosophical reflections on the African experience. New York: Oxford University Press.
136.
Hansberry, W.L.
(1970). W.E.B. Du Bois's influence on African history. In J.H. Clarke, E. Jackson, E. Kaiser, & J.H. O'Dell (Eds.), Black titan: W.E.B. Du Bois (pp. 98-114). Boston: Beacon.
137.
Harding, V.
(1970). W.E.B. Du Bois and the Black Messianic vision. In J.H. Clarke, E. Jackson, E. Kaiser, & J.H. O'Dell (Eds.), Black titan: W.E.B. Du Bois (pp. 52-68). Boston: Beacon.
138.
Harris, L.
(Ed.). (1983). Philosophy born of struggle: An anthology of Afro-American philosophy from 1917. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
139.
Harris, L.
(Ed.). (1999). The critical pragmatism of Alain Locke: A reader on value, theory, aesthetics, community, culture, race, and education. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
140.
Harrison, F.V.
(1992). The Du Boisian legacy in anthropology. Critique of Anthropology, 12, 239-260.
141.
Higbee, M.D.
(1995a). Du Bois: The first half century. Science & Society, 59, 82-87.
142.
Higbee, M.D. (1995b). W.E.B. Du Bois and the problems of the twentieth century: Race, history, and literature in Du Bois's political thought, 1903-1940. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University.
143.
Higginbotham, E.B.
(1993). Righteous discontent: The women's movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
144.
Hilliard, A.G.
(1995). The maroon within us: Selected essays on African American education. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.
145.
Holt, T.C.
(1990). The political uses of alienation: W.E.B. Du Bois on politics, race, and culture, 1903-1940. American Quarterly, 42, 301-323.
146.
Holt, T.C.
(1998). W.E.B. Du Bois's archaeology of race: Re-reading "The conservation of races." In B.M. Katz & T.J. Sugrue (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois, race, and the city: The Philadelphia Negro and its legacy (pp. 61-76). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
147.
hooks, b.
(1984). Feminist theory: From margin to center. Boston: South End.
148.
hooks, b.
(1994). Teaching to transgress: Education as the practice of freedom. Boston: South End.
149.
Hord, F.L.
, & Lee, J.S. (1995). I am because we are: Readings in Black philosophy. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
150.
Horne, G.
(1986). Black and red: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American response to the cold war, 1944-1963. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Huggins, N.I.
(1971). Harlem renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press.
153.
Huggins, N.I.
(Ed.). (1995). Voices from the Harlem renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press.
154.
Hutchinson, G.
(1995). The Harlem renaissance in black and white. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
155.
Imbo, S.O.
(1998). An introduction to African philosophy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
156.
James, J.
(1997). Transcending the talented tenth: Black leaders and American intellectuals. Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
157.
Johnson, A., Jr. (1976). A history and interpretation of the William Edward Burghardt Du Bois-Booker Taliaferro Washington higher education controversy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
158.
Jones, G.
(1997). W.E.B. Du Bois and the language of the color-line. In J.J. Fossett & J.A. Tucker (Eds.), Race consciousness: African American studies for the new century (pp. 19-35). New York: New York University Press.
159.
Jones, J.
(1998). "Lifework" and its limits: The problem of labor in The Philadelphia Negro. In B.M. Katz & T.J. Sugrue (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois, race, and the city: The Philadelphia Negro and its legacy (pp. 103-126). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
160.
Juguo, Z.
(2001). W.E.B. Du Bois: Quest for the abolition of the color line. Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
161.
Kaiser, E.
(1970). Cultural contributions of Dr. Du Bois. In J.H. Clarke, E. Jackson, E. Kaiser, & J.H. O'Dell (Eds.), Black titan: W.E.B. Du Bois (pp. 69-75). Boston: Beacon.
162.
Karenga, M.
(1995). Afrocentricity and multicultural education: Concept, challenge, and contribution. In B.P. Bowser, T. Jones, & G.A. Young (Eds.), Toward the multicultural university (pp. 41-61). New York: Praeger.
163.
Karenga, M. (1997, February). African culture and the ongoing quest for excellence: Dialogue, principles, practice. The Black Collegian, pp. 160-163.
164.
Katznelson, I.
(1999). Du Bois's century. Social Science History, 23, 459-474.
165.
Keita, L.
(1991). Contemporary African philosophy: The search for a method. In T. Serequeberhan, African philosophy: The essential readings (pp. 132-155). New York: Paragon house.
166.
Killian, L.M.
(1999). Generals, the talented tenth, and affirmative action. Society, 36, 33-40.
167.
Kostelanetz, R.
(1985). Fictions for a Negro politics: The neglected novels of W.E.B. Du Bois. In W.L. Andrews (Ed.), Critical essays on W.E.B. Du Bois (pp. 173-193). Boston: G.K. Hall.
168.
Krell, D.F.
(2000). The bodies of Black folk: From Kant and Hegel to Du Bois and Baldwin. Boundary 2, 27(3), 103-134.
169.
Kwame, S.
(Ed.). (1995). Readings in African philosophy. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
170.
Lash, J.S.
(1957). Thought, research, action: Dr. Du Bois and history. Phylon, 18, 184-185.
171.
Lee, M.
(1999). Du Bois the novelist: White influence, Black spirit, and the Quest of the silver fleece. African American Review, 33, 389-400.
172.
Lemert, C.C.
(1994). A classic from the veil: Du Bois's Souls of Black folk. Sociological Quarterly, 35, 383-396.
173.
Lewis, D.L.
(1981). When Harlem was in vogue. New York: Oxford University Press.
174.
Lewis, D.L.
(1993). W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a race, 1868-1919. New York: Henry Holt.
175.
Lewis, D.L.
(Ed.). (1994). The portable Harlem renaissance reader. New York: Penguin.
176.
Lewis, D.L.
(2000). W.E.B. Du Bois: The fight for equality and the American century, 1919-1963. New York: Henry Holt.
177.
Linnemann, R.J.
(1982). Alain Locke: Reflections on a modern Renaissance man. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
178.
Lincoln, C.E.
(1993). The Du Boisian dubiety and the American dilemma: Two levels of lure and loathing. In G. Early (Ed.), Lure and loathing: Essays on race, identity, and the ambivalence of assimilation (pp. 194-206). New York: Viking.
179.
Liss, J.
(1998). Diasporic identities: The science and politics of race in the work of Franz Boas and W.E.B. Du Bois, 1894-1919. Cultural Anthropology: Journal of the Society for Cultural Anthropology, 13, 127-166.
180.
Lloyd, S.R. (1999). Plots on an alternative map: Emplotments of pan-Africanism in the writings of W.E.B. Du Bois, Langston Hughes, and Alice Walker. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca.
181.
Locke, A.L.
(1983a). The critical temper of Alain Locke: A selection of his essays on art and culture (J.C. Stewart, Ed.). New York: Garland.
182.
Locke, A.L.
(1983b). The new Negro. In L. Harris (Ed.), Philosophy born of struggle: An anthology of Afro-American philosophy from 1917 (pp. 242-251). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
183.
Locke, A.L.
(1989). The philosophy of Alain Locke: Harlem renaissance and beyond. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
184.
Locke, A.L.
(1992). Race contracts and interracial relations: Lectures on the theory and practice of race. Washington, DC: Howard University Press.
185.
Logan, R.W.
(Ed.). (1971). W.E.B. Du Bois: A profile. New York: Hill and Wang.
186.
Lorde, A.
(1984). Sister outsider: Essays & speeches. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press.
187.
Lott, T.L.
(1997). Du Bois on the invention of race. In J.P. Pittman (Ed.), African American perspectives and philosophical traditions (pp. 166-187). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
188.
Lott, T.L.
(2000). Du Bois and Locke on the scientific study of the Negro. Boundary 2, 27(3), 135-152.
189.
Lott, T.L.
(2001). Du Bois's anthropological notion of race. In R. Bernasconi (Ed.), Race (pp. 57-83). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Lucal, B.
(1996). Race, class, and gender in the work of W.E.B. Du Bois: An exploratory study. Research in Race & Ethnic Relations, 9, 191-210.
192.
Magubane, B.M.
(1987). The ties that bind: African American consciousness of Africa. Trenton, NJ: African World Press.
193.
Makang, J.-M. (1993). The problem of democratic inclusion in the light of the racial question: W.E.B. Du Bois and the emancipation of democracy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston College.
194.
Marable, M.
(1985a). The Black faith of W.E.B. Du Bois: Sociocultural and political dimensions of Black religion. Southern Quarterly, 23, 15-33.
195.
Marable, M.
(1985b). W.E.B. Du Bois and the struggle against racism. Black Scholar, 16, 43-44, 46-47.
196.
Marable, M.
(1986). W.E.B. Du Bois: Black radical democrat. Boston: Twayne.
197.
Marable, M.
(1996). The pan-Africanism of W.E.B. Du Bois. In B.W. Bell, E.R. Grosholz, & J.B. Stewart (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois: On race and culture (pp. 193-218). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
198.
Marable, M.
(1998). W.E.B. Du Bois and the politics of culture. In M. Marable (Ed.), Black leadership (pp. 41-58). New York: Columbia University Press.
199.
Marshall, J. (1994). "Counsels of despair": W.E.B. Du Bois, Robert E. Park, and the establishment of American race sociology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.
200.
Masolo, D.A.
(1994). African philosophy in search of identity. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
201.
Meade, H.L., II. (1987). W.E.B. Du Bois and his place in the discussion of racism. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts.
202.
Meier, A.
(1959). From "conservative" to "radical": The ideological development of W.E.B. Du Bois, 1885-1905. Crisis, 75, 527-536.
203.
Meier, A.
(1963). The paradox of W.E.B. Du Bois. In M. Meier (Ed.), Negro thought in America, 1880-1915: Racial ideologies in the age of Booker T. Washington. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
204.
Mielke, D.N. (1977). W.E.B. Du Bois: An educational critique. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
205.
Mills, C.W.
(1997). The racial contract. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
206.
Mitchell, E.P.
(1993). Du Bois's dilemma and African American adaptiveness. In G. Early (Ed.), Lure and loathing: Essays on race, identity, and the ambivalence of assimilation (pp. 264-273). New York: Viking/Penguin.
207.
Mizruchi, S.
(1996). Neighbors, strangers, and corpses: Death and sympathy in the early writings of W.E.B. Du Bois. In R. Newman (Ed.), Centuries' ends, narrative means (pp. 27-39). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
208.
Monteiro, A.
(2000). Being and African in the world: The Du Boisian epistemology. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 568, 220-234.
209.
Moore, J.B.
(1981). W.E.B. Du Bois. Boston: Twayne.
210.
Moore, P.L. (1996). W.E.B. Du Bois: A critical study of his philosophy of education and its relevance for three contemporary issues in education of significance to African Americans. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University.
211.
Moses, W.J.
(1975). The poetic of Ethiopianism: W.E.B. Du Bois and literary Black nationalism. American Literature, 47, 411-427.
212.
Moses, W.J.
(1978). The golden age of Black nationalism, 1850-1925. New York: Oxford University Press.
213.
Moses, W.J.
(1990). Sexual anxieties of the Black bourgeoisie in Victorian America: The cultural context of W.E.B. Du Bois's first novel. In W.J. Moses (Ed.), The wings of Ethiopia: Studies in African American life and letters (pp. 247-264). Ames: Iowa State University Press.
214.
Moses, W.J.
(1993a). Du Bois's dark princess and the heroic Uncle Tom. In W.J. Moses (Ed.), Black messiahs and Uncle Toms: Social and literary manipulations of a religious myth (pp. 142-155). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
215.
Moses, W.J.
(1993b). W.E.B. Du Bois's "The conservation of races" and its context: Idealism, conservatism, and hero worship. Massachusetts Review, 34, 275-294.
216.
Moses, W.J.
(1996). Culture, civilization, and the decline of the west: The Afrocentricism of W.E.B. Du Bois. In B.W. Bell, E.R. Grosholz, & J.B. Stewart (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois: On race and culture (pp. 243-260). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
217.
Moses, W.J.
(1998). W.E.B. Du Bois and antimodernism. In W.J. Moses, Afrotopia: The roots of African American popular history. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Moss, R.L. (1975). Ethnographic perspectives and literary strategies in the early writings of W.E.B. Du Bois. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo.
220.
Mostern, K.
(1996). Three theories of the race of W.E.B. Du Bois. Cultural Critique, 34, 27-63.
221.
Mtima, L.
(1999). African American economic empowerment strategies for the new millennium: Revisiting the Washington-Du Bois dialectic. Howard Law Journal, 42, 391.
222.
Mudimbe, V.Y.
(1988). The invention of Africa: Gnosis, philosophy, and the order of knowledge. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
223.
Mudimbe, V.Y.
(1994). The idea of Africa. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
224.
Neal, T.R. (1984). W.E.B. Du Bois's contributions to the sociology of education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati.
225.
Newsome, E.M. (1971). W.E.B. Du Bois's "figure in the carpet": A cyclical pattern in the belletristic prose. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
226.
Nwankwo, H.C. (1989). The educational philosophy of W.E.B. Du Bois: A Nigerian interpretation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, East Texas State University.
227.
O'Dell, J.H.
(1970). Du Bois and the social evolution of the Black South. In In J.H. Clarke, E. Jackson, E. Kaiser, & J.H. O'Dell (Eds.), Black titan: W.E.B. Du Bois (pp. 152-163). Boston: Beacon.
228.
Ofari, E.
(1970). W.E.B. Du Bois and Black power. Black World, 19, 26-28.
229.
Okoro, M.U. (1982). W.E.B. Du Bois's ideas on education: Implications for Nigerian education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago.
230.
Olaniyan, T.
(1992). Narrativing postcoloniality: Responsibilities. Public Culture, 5, 47-55.
231.
Olaniyan, T.
(2000). Africa: Varied colonial legacies. In H. Scharwz & S. Ray (Eds.), A companion to postcolonial studies (pp. 269-281). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
232.
Outlaw, L.T., Jr.
(1995). On W.E.B. Du Bois's "The conservation of races." In L. Bell & D. Blumenfeld (Eds.), Overcoming racism and sexism (pp. 79-102). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
233.
Outlaw, L.T., Jr.
(1996a). "Conserve" races? In defense of W.E.B. Du Bois. In In B.W. Bell, E.R. Grosholz, & J.B. Stewart (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois: On race and culture (pp. 15-38). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
234.
Outlaw, L.T., Jr.
(1996b). On race and philosophy. Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
235.
Outlaw, L.T., Jr.
(2000). W.E.B. Du Bois on the study of social problems. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 568, 281-297.
236.
Outlaw, L.T., Jr.
(2001). On Cornel West on W.E.B. Du Bois. In G. Yancy (Ed.), Cornel West: A critical reader (pp. 261-279). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
237.
Payne, J.C., II. (1973). A content analysis of speeches and written documents of six Black spokesmen: Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, Marcus Garvey, W.E.B. Du Bois, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee.
238.
Paynter, R.
(1992). W.E.B. Du Bois and the material world of African Americans in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Critique of Anthropology, 12, 277-291.
239.
Peterson, C. (2000). Du Bois, Fanon, and Cabral and the margins of colonized elite leadership. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Binghamton University.
240.
Peterson, D.
(1994). Notes from the underworld: Dostoyevsky, Du Bois and the discovery of ethnic soul. Massachusetts Review, 35, 225-247.
241.
Pittman, J.P.
(Ed.). (1997). African American perspectives and philosophical traditions. Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
242.
Pollard, A.B., III
(1993). The last great battle of the west: W.E.B. Du Bois and the struggle for African America's soul. In G. Early (Ed.), Lure and loathing: Essays on race, identity, and the ambivalence of assimilation (pp. 41-54). New York: Viking/Penguin.
243.
Posnock, R.
(1995). The distinction of Du Bois: Aesthetics, pragmatism, politics. American Literary History, 7, 500-524.
244.
Posnock, R.
(1997). How does it feel to be a problem? Du Bois, Fanon, and the "impossible life" of the Black intellectual. Critical Inquiry, 23, 323-349.
245.
Posnock, R.
(1998). Color and culture: Black writers and the making of the modern intellectual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
246.
Powell, R.J.
(1997). Art, culture, and "the souls of Black folk." In R.J. Powell (Ed.), Black art and culture in the 20th century (pp. 23-40). New York: Thames & Hudson.
247.
Quainoo, V.W. (1993). The souls of Black folk: In consideration of W.E.B. Du Bois and the exigency of an African American philosophy of rhetoric. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts.
248.
Quayson, A.
(2000a). Postcolonialism: Theory, practice or process?Cambridge, MA: Polity.
249.
Quayson, A.
(2000b). Postcolonialism and postmodernism. In H. Scharwz & S. Ray (Eds.), A companion to postcolonial studies (pp. 87-111). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
250.
Rabaka, R. (2001). Africana critical theory: From W.E.B. Du Bois and C.L.R. James's discourse on domination and liberation to Frantz Fanon and Amilcar Cabral's dialectics of decolonization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Temple University, Philadelphia.
251.
Rabaka, R.
(2002). Malcolm X and/as critical theory: Philosophy, radical politics, and the African American search for social justice. Journal of Black Studies, 33(2): 145-165.
252.
Rampersad, A.
(1989). Slavery and the literary imagination: Du Bois's The souls of Black folk. In D.E. McDowell & A. Rampersad (Eds.), Slavery and the literary imagination: Selected papers from the English Institute, 1987 (pp. 49-64). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
253.
Rampersad, A.
(1990). The art and imagination of W.E.B. DuBois. New York: Schocken.
254.
Rampersad, A.
(1996). Du Bois's passage to India-Dark princess. In B.W. Bell, E.R. Grosholz, & J.B. Stewart (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois: On race and culture (pp. 161-176). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
255.
Rawls, A.W.
(2000). "Race" as an interaction order phenomenon: W.E.B. Du Bois's "double-consciousness" thesis revisited. Sociological Theory, 18, 241-274.
256.
Reed, A L., Jr.
(1985). W.E.B. Du Bois: A perspective on the bases of his political thought. Political Theory, 13, 431-456.
257.
Reed, A L., Jr.
(1992). Du Bois's "double-consciousness": Race and gender in progressive era American thought. Studies in American Political Development, 6, 132-137.
258.
Reed, A L., Jr.
(1997). W.E.B. Du Bois and American political thought: Fabianism and the color line. New York: Oxford University Press.
259.
Robinson, C.J.
(1977). A critique of W.E.B. Du Bois's Black reconstruction. Black Scholar, 8(7), 44-50.
260.
Robinson, C.J.
(2000). Black Marxism: The making of the Black radical tradition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
261.
Rudwick, E.M. (1956). W.E.B. Du Bois: A study in minority group leadership. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
262.
Rudwick, E.M.
(1960). W.E.B. Du Bois: A study in minority group leadership. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
263.
Rudwick, E.M.
(1968). W.E.B. Du Bois: Propagandists of the Negro protest. New York: Athaneum.
264.
Rudwick, E.M.
(1982). W.E.B. Du Bois: Voice of the Black movement. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
265.
Rutledge, R.R. (2001). Metaphors of mediation: Race and nation in Black Atlantic literature-W.E.B. Du Bois, Ralph Ellison, Edourd Glissant, and Olaudah Equiano. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Washington University.
266.
Schneider, P.R. (1998). Inventing the public intellectual: Ralph Waldo Emerson, W.E.B. Du Bois, and the cultural politics of representing men. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Duke University.
267.
Schrager, C.D.
(1996). Both sides of the veil: Race, science, and mysticism in W.E.B. Du Bois. American Quarterly, 48, 551.
268.
Serequeberhan, T.
(Ed.). (1991). African philosophy: The essential readings. New York: Paragon House.
269.
Serequeberhan, T.
(1994). The hermeneutics of African philosophy: Horizon and discourse. Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
270.
Serequeberhan, T.
(2000). Our heritage: The past in the present of African American and African existence. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
271.
Siemerling, W.
(2001). W.E.B. Du Bois, Hegel, and the staging of alterity. Callaloo, 24, 325-333.
272.
Smith, E.C. (1975). Educational themes in the published work of W.E.B. Du Bois, 1883-1960: Implications for African American educators. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
273.
Speck, B.F. (1974). W.E.B. Du Bois: A historiographical study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Texas Christian University.
274.
Stepto, R.B.
(1985). The quest of the weary traveler: W.E.B. Du Bois's The souls of Black folk. In W.L. Andrews (Ed.), Critical essays on W.E.B. Du Bois (pp. 139-172). Boston: G.K. Hall.
275.
Stewart, J.B.
(1983). The psychic duality of Afro-Americans in the novels of W.E.B. Du Bois. Phylon, 44(2), 93-107.
276.
Stewart, J.B.
(1984). The legacy of W.E.B. Du Bois for contemporary Black studies. Journal of Negro Education, 53, 296-311.
277.
Stewart, J.B.
(1996). In search of a theory of human history: W.E.B. Du Bois's theory of social and cultural dynamics. In B.W. Bell, E.R. Grosholz, & J.B. Stewart (Eds.), W.E.B. Du Bois: On race and culture (pp. 261-288). Boston: Routledge Kegan Paul.
278.
Stewart, J.C. (1979). A biography of Alain Locke: Philosopher of the Harlem renaissance, 1886-1930. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University.
279.
Stuckey, S.
(1987). W.E.B. Du Bois: Black cultural reality and the meaning of freedom. In S. Stuckey (Ed.), Slave culture: Nationalist theory and the foundations of Black America (pp. 245-302). New York: Oxford University Press.
280.
Stuckey, S.
(1994). Black Americans and African consciousness: DuBois, Woodson, and the spell of Africa. In S. Stuckey (Ed.), Going through the storm: The influence of African American art in history (pp. 120-140). New York: Oxford University Press.
281.
Sumpter, R.D. (1973). A critical study of the educational thought of W.E.B. Du Bois. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Peabody College for Teacher of Vanderbilt University.
282.
Sundquist, E.J.
(1993). W.E.B. Du Bois: African America and the kingdom of culture. In E.J. Sundquist, To wake the nations: Race in the making of American literature (pp. 457-626). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
283.
Sundquist, E.J.
(1996). W.E.B. Du Bois and the autobiography of race. In E. Sundquist (Ed.), The Oxford W.E.B. Du Bois reader (pp. 3-36). New York: Oxford University Press.
284.
Taylor, C.M. (1971). W.E.B. Du Bois: The rhetoric of redefinition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon.
285.
Taylor, C.M.
(1981). W.E.B. Du Bois's challenge to scientific racism. Journal of Black Studies, 11, 449-460.
286.
Travis, T.M.C.
(1996). Double consciousness and the politics of the elite. Research in Race and Ethnic Relations, 9, 91-123.
287.
Tuttle, W.M.
(Ed.). (1957). W.E.B. Du Bois. Boston: Beacon.
288.
Tuttle, W.M.
(Ed.). (1973). W.E.B. Du Bois: Essays and explorations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
289.
Tyner, J.
(1997). From the talented tenth to the Communist Party: The evolution of W.E.B. Du Bois. Political Affairs, 76(2), 5-9.
290.
Velikova, R.
(2000). W.E.B. Du Bois vs. "the sons of the fathers": A reading of The souls of Black folk in the context of American nationalism. African American Review, 34, 431-442.
291.
Vincent, T.G.
(1973). Voices of a Black nation: Political journalism in the Harlem renaissance. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
292.
Walden, D.
(1963). NAACP mourns the passing of Dr. Du Bois, a founder. Crisis, 70, 9-13.
293.
Walden, D.
(1966). W.E.B. Du Bois's essential years: The link from Douglass to the present. Journal of Human Relations, 14, 28-41.
294.
Walden, D.
(1977). W.E.B. Du Bois: A renaissance man in the Harlem renaissance. Minority Voices, 2, 11-20.
295.
Walker, S.J.
(1975). Du Bois's uses of history: On Nat Turner and John Brown. Black World, 24, 4-11.
296.
Warren, N. (1984). The contributions of W.E.B. Du Bois to Afro-American studies in higher education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Mississippi.
297.
Washington, J.
(1986). Alain Locke and philosophy: A quest for cultural pluralism. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
298.
Watson, S.
(1995). The Harlem renaissance: Hub of African American culture, 1920-1930. New York: Pantheon.
299.
Watts, E.K. (1995). Reconstituting "the message": An exploration of double consciousness in rap artistry. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University.
300.
Watts, E.K.
(2001). Cultivating a Black public voice: W.E.B. Du Bois and the criteria of Negro art. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 4, 181-201.
301.
Wesley, C.H.
(1965). W.E.B. Du Bois: Historian. Freedomways, 5, 59-72.
302.
West, C.
(1989). W.E.B. Du Bois: The Jamesian organic intellectual. In C. West (Ed.), The American evasion of philosophy: A genealogy of pragmatism (pp. 138-150). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
303.
West, C.
(1996). Black striving in a twilight civilization. In H.L. Gates, Jr., & C. West (Eds.), The future of the race (pp. 53-114). New York: Knopf.
304.
Wiatrowski-Phillips, L.
(1995). W.E.B. Du Bois and Soviet communism: The Black flame as socialist realism. Southern Atlantic Quarterly, 94, 837-875.
305.
Williams, R.
(2001). W.E.B. Du Bois: A scholar's courageous life. Montgomery, AL: New South.
306.
Williams, R.C.
(1983). W.E.B. Du Bois: Afro-American philosopher of social reality. In L. Harris (Ed.), Philosophy born of struggle: An anthology of Afro-American philosophy from 1917 (pp. 11-20). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
307.
Wiredu, K.
(1980). Philosophy and an African culture. New York: Cambridge University Press.
308.
Wiredu, K.
(1991). On defining African philosophy. In T. Serequeberhan (Ed.), African philosophy: The essential readings (pp. 87-110). New York: Paragon House.
309.
Wiredu, K.
(1996). Cultural universals and particulars: An African perspective. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
310.
Wolters, R.
(2001). Du Bois and his rivals. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
311.
Woodard, F. (1976). W.E.B. Du Bois: The native impulse-Notes toward an ideological biography, 1868-1897. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa.
312.
Wright, E.
(2001). The Atlanta Sociological Laboratory: America's first model of urban sociological research. Southern Sociological Society, 43, 91-107.
313.
Wright, R.A.
(Ed.) (1984). African philosophy: An introduction. (3rd ed.). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
314.
Wright, W.D. (1985). The socialist analysis of W.E.B. Du Bois. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York, Buffalo.
315.
Yuan, J.
(2000). W.E.B. Du Bois and his socialist thought. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
316.
Zamir, S.
(1994). The sorrow songs/song of myself: Du Bois, the crisis of leadership, and prophetic imagination. In W. Sollors & M. Diedrich (Eds.), The Black Columbia: Defining moments in African American literature and culture (pp. 145-167). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
317.
Zamir, S.
(1995). Dark voices: W.E.B. Du Bois and American thought, 1888-1903. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
