Drug trafficking among Black youths has turnedthe inner cities into “war zones,” as rival gangs fight for control of the drug market. Moreover, many Black youths have lost their lives because of the powerful lure of drug addiction. This article examines the effects of drugs on Black youths. Policy recommendations are also discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anglin, M., & Speckart, G. (1988). Narcotics use and crime: A multisample, multimethod analysis. Criminology, 26, 197-233.
2.
Associated Press. (1994, April 13). Quiet crisis–Half of tots face problems.
3.
Block, C. R., & Block, R. (1993). Street gangs in Chicago. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
4.
Blum, R. (1989). Contemporary threats to adolescent health in United States. Journal of American Medical Association, 257, 3390-3395.
5.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1992, December). Drugs, crime and the justice system. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
6.
Burns, T., Chasnoff, I., & Scholl, J. (1986). Prenatal drug exposure: Effects on neonatal and infant growth. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 8, 351-387.
7.
Butts, J., Synder, H., Finnegan, T., Aughenbaugh, A., Tierney, N., Sullivan, D., Poe, R., Sickmund, M., & Poe, E. (1995). Juvenile court statistics. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention.
8.
Chaiken, M., & Johnson, B. (1988). Characteristics of different types of drug-involved offenders. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
9.
Cooper, M. (1994, September 8). CDC charts impact of AIDS among Blacks, Hispanics. Reuter's Wire Services. Crack brings violence to areas of New York. (1987, October 19). New York Times, p. 13-13.
10.
Crack brings violence to areas of New York. (1987, October 19). New York Times, p. 13-13.
11.
De La Rosa, M. R., Lambert, E., & Gropper, G. (1990). Drugs and violence: Causes, correlates, and consequences (NIDA Research Monograph No. 103. DHHS Pub. No. [ADM] 91-1721). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
12.
Ewing, C. (1990). Kids who kill. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
13.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1995). Uniform crime reports 1994. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
14.
Findlay, S., & Silberner, J. (1990, January 29). The worsening spread of AIDS crisis. U.S. News and World Report, p. 28-28.
15.
Glick, R., & Moore, J. (1990). Drugs in Hispanic communities. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
16.
Hamid, A. (1990). The political economy of crack-related violence. Journal of Contemporary Drug Problems, 17, 31-78.
17.
Hour by hour: Crack, the junkies, the jailers, the pimps, the tiniest addicts. (1988, November 28). Newsweek, pp. 64-65.
18.
Inciardi, J. A. (1986). The war on drugs: Heroin, cocaine, crime, and public policy. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield.
19.
Inciardi, J. A., Horowitz, R., & Pottieger, A. E. (1993). Street kids, street drugs, street crime: An examination of drug use and serious delinquency in Miami. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
20.
Koppel, H. (1988). Time served in prison and on parole. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
21.
Langan, P., & Dawson, J. (1990). Felony sentences in state courts, 1988. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
22.
Maguire, K., & Pastore, A. L. (1995). Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics 1994. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
23.
McCoy, V. H., Miles, C., & Inciardi, J. A. (1995). Survival sex: Inner-city women and crack-cocaine. In J. A. Inciardi & K. McElrath (Eds.), The American drug scene: An anthology (pp. 172-177). Los Angeles: Roxbury.
24.
McDowell, C. P. (1993). Criminal justice in the community. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
25.
Meddis, S. V. (1993a, July 23-25). Is the drug war racist? Disparities suggest the answer is yes. USA Today,p. 1A-1A.
26.
Meddis, S. V. (1993b, July 23-25). Minorities: Police bias motivates traffic stops. USA Today,p.6A-6A.
27.
Meddis, S. V. (1993c, July 23-25). More White users, Black arrest. USA Today, p. 6A-6A.
28.
Meddis, S. V. (1993d, July 23-25). Stereotypes fuel cycle of suspicion, arrest. USA Today, p. 6A-6A.
29.
Moore, M. (n.d.). Drug trafficking. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
30.
National Coalition of State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups. (1993). Myths and realities. Meeting the challenge of serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders, 1992, annual report. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
31.
National Institute of Druge Abuse. (1980). Drug abuse among minority youth: Methodological issues. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
32.
National Institute of Justice. (1995, November). Drug use forecasting: 1994 annual report on adult and juvenile arrests. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
33.
NBC, Today. (1996, February 26). Supreme Court hears case on crack versus cocaine.
34.
Reynolds, R. (1993). School violence: Drugs/gangs. Black Enterprise,p.47-47.
35.
Rist, M. C. (1990). The shadow children: Preparing for the arrival of crack babies in school, research bulletin. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa.
36.
Robbins, W. (1988, December 4). California gangs staking claims across the United States. Tribune, p. 29A-29A.
37.
Rogers, C. (1991). Children in gangs. In J. J. Sullivan & J. L. Victor (Eds.), Criminal justice 92/93. Guilford, CT: The Dushkin Publishing Group.
38.
Schmalleger, F. (1996). Criminology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
39.
Siegel, L. (1995). Criminology: Theories, patterns, and typologies. St. Paul, MN: West.
40.
Siegel, L., & Senna, J. (1994). Juvenile delinquency: Theory, practice and the law. St. Paul, MN: West.
41.
Star Tribune. (1994). Fighting crime, p. 10A-10A.
42.
Stuart, R. (1996, May). The sentencing game. Emerge, pp. 51-53.
43.
Swanson, C., Chamelin, N., & Territo, L. (1992). Criminal investigation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
44.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1993). Health United States 1992. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
45.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1995). Health United States 1994. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service.
46.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1995a). Juvenile homicides: Violence by young people. Why the deadly nexus?Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
47.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1995b, August). Drugs and crime facts, 1994. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
48.
U.S. General Accounting Office. (1991). Drug abuse–The crack cocaine epidemic: Health consequences and treatment. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
49.
Vincent, S. (1993, July 23). Drug war claiming “entire generation” of young Blacks. USA Today, p. 7A-7A.
50.
War against drugs: Scorn on besieged streets. (1989, September 8). The New York Times,p.4-4.
51.
Wilkerson, I. (1994, December 13). Crack's legacy of guns and death lives on. The New York Times, pp. A1-A1, B12-B12.
52.
Winfree, T. L., Griffiths, C., & Sellers, C. (1989). Social learning theory, drug use, and American Indian youths: A cross-cultural test. Justice Quarterly, 6, 393-417.
53.
Wish, E. (1990). U.S. drug policy in the 1990s: Insights from new data from arrestees. International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 1-15.
54.
Witkin, G. (1991, August 19). The men who created crack. U.S. News and World Report, pp. 44-53.