Class,Race,and Gender Dimensions of Child Rearing in African American Families

Allen, W. R. (1978). The search for applicable theories of Black family life. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40(1), 117-129.

Allen, W. R. (1981). Moms, dads and boys: Race and sex differences in the socialization of male children. In L. E. Gary (Ed.),Black men (pp. 99-114). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Andersen, M. L. (1993). Thinking about women: Sociological perspectives on sex and gender (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.

Anderson, E. (1991). Neighborhood effects of teenage pregnancy. In C. Jencks & P. E. Peterson (Eds.), The urban underclass (pp. 375-398). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Asante, M. K. (1987). The Afrocentric idea. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Bartz, K. W. , & Levine, E. S. (1978). Childrearing by Black parents: A description and comparison to Anglo and Chicano parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 709-719.

Billingsley, A. (1968). Black families in White America. Englewood Cliffs, NH: Prentice Hall.

Billingsley, A. (1992). Climbing Jacob's ladder: The enduring legacy of African-American families. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Blassingame, J. W. (1972). The slave community: Plantation life in the antebellum south. New York: Oxford University Press.

Boykin, A. , & Toms, F. D. (1985). Black child socialization: A conceptual framework. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 33-52). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Burgess, N. (1994). Gender roles revisited: The development of the “woman's place” among African American women in the United States. Journal of Black Studies, 24, 391-401.

Burton, L. M. (1990). Teenage childbearing as an alternative life-course strategy in multigenerational Black families. Human Nature, 1, 123-143.

Cazenave, N. A. (1981). Black men in America: The quest for “manhood.” In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (pp. 176-186). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Clark, K. B. , & Clark, M. P. (1947). Racial identification and preference in Negro children. In Committee on the Teaching of Social Psychology (Ed.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 169-178). New York: Henry Holt.

Collins, P. H. (1987). The meaning of motherhood in Black culture and Black mother-daughter relationships. Sage, 4, 3-10.

Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought. Boston: Unwin Hyman.

Danzinger, S. K. , & Radin, N. (1990). Absent does not equal uninvolved: Predictors of fathering in teen mother families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 636-642.

Davis, A. , & Dollard, J. (1940). Children of bondage (American Council on Education). New York: Harper & Row.

Davis, A. , & Havinghurst, R. J. (1946). Social class and color differences in child-rearing. American Sociological Review, 2, 698-710.

Dembo, R. (1988). Delinquency among Black male youth. In J. T. Gibbs (Ed.), Young, Black, and male in America: An endangered species (pp. 129-165). Dover, MA: Auburn House.

Demo, D. H. , & Hughes, M. (1990). Socialization and racial identity among Black Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 364-374.

Dill, B. T. (1988). Our mother's grief: Racial ethnic women and the maintenance of families. Journal of Family History, 13, 415-431.

Duncan, G. J. , & Rodgers, J. (1991). Has children's poverty become more persistent? American Sociological Review, 56, 538-550.

Frazier, E. F. (1966). The Negro family in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1939)

Giddings, P. (1984). When and where I enter: The impact of Black women on race and sex in America. New York: Bantam.

Gutman, H. (1976). The Black family in slavery and freedom, 1750-1925. New York: Pantheon.

Hale-Benson, J. E. (1986). Black children: Their roots, culture, and learning styles (rev. ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Haveman, R. , & Wolfe, B. (1993). Children's prospects and children's policy. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7, 153-174.

Higginbotham, E. (1981). Is marriage a priority? Class differences in marital options of educated Black women. In P. Stein (Ed.), Single life: Unmarried adults in social context(pp. 133-176). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.

Hill, S. A. (1999). African American children: Socialization and development in families. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hill, S. A. , & Zimmerman, M. K. (1995). Valiant girls and vulnerable boys: The impact of gender and race on mothers' caregiving for chronically ill children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 43-53.

Hunter, A. G. , & Davis, J. E. (1992). Constructing gender: An exploration of Afro-American men's conceptualization of manhood. Gender & Society, 6, 464-479.

Jones, D. J. , & Roberts, V. A. (1994). Black children: Growth, development, and health. In I. L. Livingston (Ed.), Handbook of Black American health: The mosaic of conditions, issues, policies, and prospects (pp. 331-343). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Kami, C. K. , & Radin, N. L. (1967). Class differences in the socialization practices of Negro mothers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 29, 302-302.

Kardiner, A. , & Ovesey, L. (1951). The mark of oppression. New York: World.

Kelley, M. L. , Power, T. G. , & Wimbush, D. D. (1992). Determinants of disciplinary practices in low-income Black mothers. Child Development, 63, 573-583.

King, D. K. (1988). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The contest of black feminist ideology. Signs, 14, 42-72.

Kohn, M. L. (1977). Class and conformity: A study of values (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ladner, J. A. (1971). Tomorrow's tomorrow: The Black women. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Lewis, D. K. (1975). The Black family: Socialization and sex roles. Phylon, 36, 221-238.

Majors, R. , & Billson, J. M. (1992). Cool pose: The dilemmas of Black manhood in America. New York: Lexington Books.

McAdoo, J. L. (1983). Parenting styles: Mother-child interactions and self-esteem in young Black children. In C. E. Obudo (Ed.), Black marriage and family therapy (pp. 135-150). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

McAdoo, J. L. (1988). The roles of Black fathers in the socialization of Black children. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (pp. 257-269). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

McLeod, J. D. , & Shanahan, M. J. (1996). Trajectories of poverty and children's mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 207-220.

McLoyd, V. C. (1990). The impact of economic hardships on Black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 61, 311-346.

Mott, F. L. (1990). When is a father really gone? Paternal-child contact in father-absent homes. Demography, 27, 499-517.

Nobles, W. W. (1985). Africanity and the Black family: The development of a theoretical model (2nd ed.). Oakland, CA: Institute for the Advanced Study of Black Family Life and Culture.

Peters, M. F. (1988). Parenting in Black families with young children: A historical perspective. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (2nd ed., pp. 227-241). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Pinkney, A. (1993). Black Americans (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Powell-Hopson, D. , & Hopson, D. (1990). Different and wonderful: Raising Black children in a race-conscious society. New York: Prentice Hall.

Pyant, C. T. , & Yanico, B. J. (1991). Relationship of racial identity and gender-role attitudes to Black women's psychological well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 315-322.

Reid, P. T. , & Trotter, K. H. (1993). Children's self-presentations with infants: Gender and ethnic comparisons. Sex Roles, 29(3-4), 171-181.

Ruggles, S. (1994). The origins of African-American family structure. American Sociological Review, 59, 136-151.

Scott, J. W. (1993). African American daughter-mother relations and teenage pregnancy: Two faces of premarital teenage pregnancy. Western Journal of Black Studies, 17, 73-81.

Scott, R. (1985). The battle over the child: Child apprenticeship and the Freedman's Bureau in North Carolina. In N. Hiner & J. Hawes (Eds.), Growing up in America: Children in historical perspective (pp. 193-207). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Staples,R. (1984,October).The mother-sonrelationship in the Black family. Ebony,pp.76-78.

Staples, R. , & Johnson, L. B. (1993). Black families at the crossroads: Challenges and prospects. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Taylor, R. J. (1986). Receipt of support from family among Black Americans: Demographic and familial differences. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 67-77.

Taylor, R. J. , Chatters, L. M. , Tucker, M. B. , & Lewis, E. (1990). Developments in research on black families: A decade review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 993-1014.

Thornton, M. C. , Chatters, L. M. , Taylor, R. J. , & Allen, W. R. (1990). Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by Black parents. Child Development, 61, 401-409.

West, C. , & Fenstermaker, S. (1995). Doing difference. Gender & Society, 9, 8-37.

Wilkinson, D. Y. (1974). Racial socialization through children's toys: A sociohistorical examination. Journal of Black Studies, 5(1), 96-105.

Willie, C. V. (1988). A new look at Black families (3rd ed.). Bayside, NY: General Hall.

Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Young, V. H. (1970). Family and childhood in a southern Negro community. American Anthropologist, 72, 269-288.