This article compares the ideological renewal of the Communist Parties in Kerala, India and South Africa during the 1990s. Based on archival research of Party documents, the article follows the Parties' ideological journeys that led them to theorize remarkably similar visions of `socialist democracy' around four common themes: participatory democracy; a new developmental state; the coexistence of capitalism and socialism; and the extension of civil society and the State in the economy.
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