Malaysian ideas for political change have been articulated by diverse societal groups and communities. The emerging civil society in Southeast Asia is reflected in Malaysia through the power struggles of old and new political parties and movements. Within this setting, the coalition of Islamic and non-Islamic parties is one of the most striking phenomena that can be observed. The paper addresses the question of theoretical parameters that can be applied to analyse the critical juncture at which Malaysia and other Southeast Asian nation-states have arrived at the turn of the century (1999 to 2001). The approach used in the paper is to analyse the interplay of domestic and international influence factors in order to explain the current political discourse in Malaysia.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ABU, Sufyan . 2000"PM Mahathir Fails to Impress, Tells Same Old Stories."Harakah Daily, October 4, p. 1 . Retrieved October 4, 2000 (www.harakahdaily.net.).
2.
ALATAS, Syed Hussein . 1977. The Myth of the Lazy Native. London: Frank Cass .
3.
1998. "Globalisation and the Cultural Re-Empowerment of Asia." Pp. 1-4 in Globalisation: The Perspectives and Experiences of the Religious Traditions of Asia Pacific, edited by Joseph A. Camilleri and Chandra Muzaffar . Petaling Jaya: International Movement for a Just World .
4.
BLAUT, J.M.1993. The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. Chicago: Maasoufa Press .
5.
BRAUDEL, Fernand . 1992. The Perspective of the World. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press .
6.
BUNGARAYA 2001. Untitled list comment. January 15, 2001 (bungaraya@listserv.net-gw.com)
7.
CHANDA, Nayan . 1999/2000"The Year of the Internet."Far Eastern Economic Review, December 30 to January 6, pp. 20-23 .
8.
CLARKE, J.J.1997. Oriental Enlightenment. The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought. London: Routledge .
9.
CONRAD, Sebastian . 1999. "World History, Japanese Style: Reading the Japanese Past Through a European Lense."Storia della Storiografia35: 97-112 .
10.
CROUCH, Harold . 1996. Government and Society in Malaysia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press .
11.
2001. "Competing Politicians-Competing Visions: Mahathir Mohamad’s Vision 2020 and Anwar Ibrahim's Asian Renaissance." Pp.188-214 in Mahathir's Administration. Performance and Crisis in Governance, edited by Ho Khai Leong and James Chin . Singapore: Times Academic Press .
12.
ELEGANT, Simon . 2000. "Bound by Tradition"Far Eastern Economic Review, July 27, pp. 65-66 .
13.
2000b. "PAS's Proposal to Build 'Multicultural Mosque' in Kelantan Laudable."SKMGG list contribution, November 2. Retrieved November 2, 2000 (skmgg@listserv.net-gw.com).
14.
FRANK, Andre Gunder . 1998. Re-Orient. Global Economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley: University of California Press .
15.
FUNG, Yu-lan . 1952. A History of Chinese Philosophy. Vol. 1, The Period of the Philosophers. Translated by Derk Bodde. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press .
16.
1981. The Politics of Islamic Reassertion: Malaysia. Pp.165-189 in The Politics of Islamic Reassertion, edited by Mohammed Ayoob . New York: St. Martin's Press .
17.
GAN, Steven . 2001. "Netto-tsûji genron tôsei to tatakau" (Fighting the Control of Internet Media) . Senki, January 15, pp. 6-7 .
18.
HAMAYOTSU, Kikue . 1999. "Reformist Islam, Mahathir and the Making of Malaysian Nationalism." Presented at the 2nd International Malaysian Studies Conference, August 2-4, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
19.
HNG, Hung Yong . 1998. CEO Malaysia. Strategy in Nation-Building. Subang Jaya: Pendaluk Publications .
20.
KHAN, Farush . 2000. "Real meaning of jihad" . New Straits Times, November 13, p. 1 . Retrieved November 14, 2000 (ww.emedia.com.my/Current_News/NST/).
21.
KHOO, Boo Teik . 1995. The Paradoxes of Mahathirism. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press .
22.
LEFTWICH, Adrian . 1993. "Governance, Democracy and Development in the Third World."Third World Quarterly3: 605-624 .
23.
2001b. "Islamic Infrastructure and Court are Marks of 'Islamic State': Rais."Malaysiakini, October 7, p. 1 . Retrieved October 8, 2000 (www.malysiakini.com).
24.
MAHATHIR, bin Mohamad . 1998. The Way Forward. London. Weidefeld and Nicolson .
25.
Milne, R.S. and Diane K. Mauzy . 1999. Malaysian Politics Under Mahathir. London. Routledge .
26.
NG, Freddieet al.2000. "'Malay Special Rights' Stay."New Straits Times, August 15, pp. 1, 4 .
27.
ONGKILI, James P.1985. Nation-Building in Malaysia 1946-1974. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
28.
2001b. "The Godfather Part IV: Is the Time Right for Change?"Malaysiakini, January 15, p. 1 . Retrieved January 15, 2001, (http://www.malaysiakini.com/).
29.
SAID, Edward . 1995[1978]. Orientalism. Western Conceptions of the Orient. London: Penguin Books .
30.
SAHNI, Kalpana . 1997. Crucifying the Orient. Russian Orientalism and the Colonization of Caucasus and Central Asia. Bangkok: White Orchid Press .
31.
SALIHA, Hassan . 1998. “Malaysian Non-Governmental Organisations (Between Ideals and Realities).” Presented at the Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Studies, September 2-6, Hamburg.
32.
SCHUHMACHER, S. and G. Woerner . 1994, eds. The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion. Boston, MA: Shambhala .
33.
SHAMSUL, A.B.1996. "The Construction and Transformation of a Social Identity: Malayness and Bumiputraness Re-examined."Journal of Asian and African Studies52: 15-33 .
34.
SINGH, Sarban and R. Sittamparam . 2000. "Demos not Allowed. DPM: No One Can Guarantee That Things Will Not Turn Unruly."New Straits Times, August 7, pp. 1, 2 .
35.
SLOANE, Patricia . 1999. Islam, Modernity and Entrepreneurship among the Malays. New York: St. Martin's Press .
36.
STARK, Jan . 1999. Kebangkitan Islam. Islamische Entwicklungsprozesse in Malaysia (Kebangkitan Islam. Islamic processes of modernisation in Malaysia). Hamburg: Abera .
37.
TANAKA, Stefan . 1993. Japan's Orient. Rendering Pasts into History. Berkeley: University of California Press .
38.
2001. "PM: Islam stresses improving oneself". December 16 p. 1. Retrieved December 16 (www.thestar.com).
39.
VIVELO, Frank Robert . 1995. Handbuch der Kulturanthropologie (Handbook of Cultural Anthropology). Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta .
40.
ZAKIAH Koya . 2000. "Embargo on GPMS' 100-point demand."Malaysiakini, December 18, p. 1 . Retrieved December 18, 2000 (www.malaysiakini.com).
41.
Abdul Razak Baginda, Executive Director of the Malaysian Strategic Research Centre (MSRC)
42.
Affifudin Hj. Omar, former Deputy Finance Minister and member of UMNO Supreme Council; Executive Chairman of Juwana Holdings Sdn. Bhd.
43.
Azman Mohamed, Lecturer for Media, Culture and Technology, University Malaysia Sabah.
44.
Jainudin Jabidin, Manager of the Special Training Department of the Sabah Foundation (Yayasan Sabah).
45.
Kua, Kia Soong, Academic Director of the New Era College, Kajang; Director of human rights NGO Suaram; member of educationist NGO, Dong Jiao Zong.
46.
Pillai, M.G.G., freelance journalist, also running the discussion-group, Sang Kancil (SKMGG).
47.
Nasharudin Mat Isa, Secretary General of the Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS).
48.
Veerasingam, S., Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of National Unity; member of the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC).
49.
Wong, Elizabeth, Secretary General of the National Human Rights Society (Hakam), secretariat member of human rights NGO, Suaram.
