Applying Experimental Research on Group Problem Solving to Organizations

Argyris, C. , & Schon, D. A. Theory in practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974.

Bass, B. M. , & Wurster, C. R. Effects of company rank on LGD performance of oil refinery supervisors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1953, 37, 100-104.

Bennis, W. Changing organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.

Berger, J. , Cohen, B. P. , & Zelditch, M., Jr. Status characteristics and social interaction. American Sociological Review, 1972, 37, 241-255.

Berkowitz, L. (Ed.). Group processes. New York: Academic Press, 1978.

Berkowitz, L. , & Levy, B. I. Pride in group performance and group task motivation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1956, 53, 300-306.

Bion, W. R. Experiences in groups. New York: Basic Books, 1959.

Blake, R. R. , & Mouton, J. S. Group dynamics-key to decision making. Houston: Tex: Gulf Publishing, 1961.

Block, M. W. Member commitment to group decisions: A study of individual and group determinants. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1974.

Bouchard, T. J. Training, motivation, and personality as determinants of the effectiveness of brainstorming groups and individuals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972, 56, 324-331.

Burns, T. , & Stalker, G. M. The management of innovation. London: Tavistock, 1961.

Carlston, D. E. Effects of polling order on social influence in decision-making groups. Sociometry, 1977, 40, 115-123.

Dalkey, N. C. The delphi method: An experimental study of group opinion. Santa Monica, Calif.: The Rand Corporation, 1969.

Dalton, M. Men who manage. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1959.

Davis, J. H. Group decision and social interaction: A theory of social decision schemes. Psychological Review, 1973, 80, 97-125.

Dearborn, D. C. , & Simon, H. A. Selective perception: A note on the departmental identifications of executives. Sociometry, 1958, 21, 140-144.

Delbecq, A. , Van de Ven, A. H. , & Gustafson, D. H. Group techniques for program planning. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1975.

Dunnette, M. D. , Campbell, J. , & Jaastad, K. The effect of group participation on brainstorming effectiveness for two industrial samples. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1963,47, 30-37.

Falk, G. An examination of some normative effects of unanimity and majority rules on the quality of solutions in problem solving groups with unequal power. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1978.

Fiedler, F. E. , & Meuwese, W. A. T. Leader's contribution to task performance in cohesive and uncohesive groups. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1963, 67, 83-87.

Fisek, M. , & Ofshe, R. The process of status evolution. Sociomety, 1970, 33, 327-346.

Fleishman, E. A. , & Harris, E. F. Patterns of leadership behavior related to employee grievances and turnover. Personnel Psychology, 1962, 15, 43-56.

Ghiselli, E. E. , & Lodahl, T. M. Patterns of managerial traits and group effectiveness. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1958, 57, 61-66.

Golembiewski, R. T. , & McConkie, M. The centrality of interpersonal trust in group processes. In C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of group processes. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975.

Guilford, J. S. Temperament traits of executives and supervisors measured by the Guilford personality inventories. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1952, 36, 228-233.

Hackman, J. R. , & Morris, C. G. Group tasks, group interaction process, and group performance effectiveness: A review and proposed integration. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 8). New York: Academic Press, 1975.

Hamblin, R. L. Leadership and crisis. Sociometry, 1958, 21, 322-335.

Hare, A. P. Handbook of small group research (2nd ed.). New York: Free Press, 1978.

Hochbaum, G. M. The relation between group members' selfconfidence and their reactions to group pressures to uniformity. American Sociological Review, 1954, 79, 678-687.

Hoffman, L. R. Group problem solving. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press, 1965.

Hoffman, L. R. (Ed.). The group problem-solving process: Studies of a valence model. New York: Praeger, 1979.

Hoffman, L. R. , Bond, G. R. , & Falk, G. Valence for criteria: A preliminary exploration. In L. R. Hoffman (Ed.), The group problem-solving process: Studies of a valence model. New York: Praeger, 1979.

Hoffman, L. R. , & Clark, M. M. Participation and influence in problem-solving groups. In L. R. Hoffman (Ed.), The group problem-solving process: Studies of a valence model. New York: Praeger, 1979.

Hoffman, L. R. , Friend, K. E. , & Bond, G. R. Problem differences and the process of adopting group solutions. In L. R. Hoffman (Ed.), The group problem-solving process: Studies of a valence model. New York: Praeger, 1979.

Hoffman, L. R. , Harburg, E. , & Maier, N. R. F. Differences and disagreement as factors in creative group problem solving. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1962, 64, 206-214.

Hoffman, L. R. , & Maier, N. R. F. Quality and acceptance of problem solutions by members of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1961, 62, 401-407.

Hoffman, L. R. , & Maier, N. R. F. An experimental reexamination of the similarityattraction hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966, 3, 134-152. (a)

Hoffman, L. R. , & Maier, N. R. F. Social factors influencing problem solving in women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966,4, 382-391. (b)

Hoffman, L. R. , & Maier, N. R. F. Valence in the adoption of solutions by problemsolving groups. II. Quality and acceptance as goals of leaders and members. Jour- nal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1967, 6, 175-182.

Hoffman, L. R. , & O'Day, R. The process of solving reasoning and value problems. In L. R. Hoffman (Ed.), The group problem-solving process: Studies of a valence model. New York: Praeger, 1979.

Humpal, J. J. , & Hoffman, L. R. Normative conflict in a business setting. Paper delivered at Eastern Psychological Association meeting, April 1979.

Jackson, J. M. , & Saltzstein, H. D. The effect of person-group relationships on conformity processes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1958, 57, 17-24.

Janis, I. L. Victims of groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972.

Kadane, J. , & Lewis, G. The distribution of participation in group discussions: An empirical and theoretical reappraisal. American Sociological Review, 1969, 34, 710-722.

Kahn, R. L. , Wolfe, D. W. , Quinn, R. P. , Snoek, J. D. , & Rosenthal, R. A. Organizational stress. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964.

Lawrence, P. , & Lorsch, J. Organization and environment. Boston: Harvard Business School, Division of Research, 1967.

Maier, N. R. F. Screening solutions to upgrade quality: A new approach to problem solving under conditions of uncertainty. Journal of Psychology, 1960, 49, 217-231.

Maier, N. R. F. Problem-solving discussions and conferences: Leadership methods and skills. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.

Maier, N. R. F. Problem-solving and creativity. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1970.

Maier, N. R. F. , & Hoffman, L. R. Organization and creative problem-solving. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1961,45, 277-280.

Maier, N. R. F. , & Hoffman, L. R. Seniority in work groups: A right or an honor? Journal of Applied Psychology, 1963, 47, 173-176.

Maier, N. R. F. , & Hoffman, L. R. Financial incentives and group decision in motivating change. Journal of Social Psychology, 1964, 64, 369-378.

Maier, N. R. F. , & Hoffman, L. R. Acceptance and quality of solutions as related to leaders' attitudes toward disagreement in group problem-solving. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1965, 1, 373-386.

Maier, N. R. F. , & Solem, A. R. The contribution of a discussion leader to the quality of group thinking: The effective use of minority opinions. Human Relations, 1952, 5, 277-288.

Maier, N. R. F. , & Solem, A. R. Improving solutions by turning choice situations into problems. Personnel Psychology, 1962, 15, 151-157.

Oakes, W. F. Effectiveness of signal light reinforcers given various meanings on participation in group discussion. Psychological Reports, 1962, 11, 469-470.

Osbom, A. F. Applied imagination. (Rev. ed.). New York: Scribner, 1957.

Pames, S. F. , & Meadow, A Effects of "brainstorming" instructions on creative problem solving by trained and untrained subjects. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1959, 50, 171-176.

Pelz, D. C. Some social factors related to performance in a research organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1956, 1, 310-325.

Pepinsky, P. , Hemphill, J. K. , & Shevitz, R. N. Attempts to lead, group productivity, and morale under conditions of acceptance and rejection. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1958, 57, 47-54.

Read, W. H. Upward communication in industrial hierarchies. Human Relations, 1962, 15, 3-15.

Sherwood, J. J. , & Glidewell, J. C. Planned renegotiation: A norm-setting OD intervention. In W. Burke (Ed.), Contemporary organization development: Approaches and interventions. Washington, D.C.: NTL Learning Resources Corporation, 1972.

Shiflett, S. Toward a general model of small group productivity. Psychological Bulletin, 1979, 86, 67-79.

Steiner, I. D. Models for inferring relationships between group size and potential group productivity. Behavioral Science, 1966, 11, 273-283.

Stem, G. G. People in context. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1970.

Stock, D. , & Thelen, H. A. Emotional dynamics and group culture. Washington, D.C.: National Training Laboratory, 1958.

Stogdill, R. M. Handbook of leadership. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1974.

Taylor, D. W. , Berry, P. C. , & Block, C. H. Does group participation when using brainstorming facilitate or inhibit creative thinking? Administrative Science Quarterly, 1958,3, 23-47.

Thomas, E. J. , & Fink, C. F. Models of group problem solving. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1961, 68, 53-63.

Torrance, E. P. Some consequences of power differences on decision making in permanent and temporary three-man groups. In A. P. Hare , E. F. Borgatta , & R. F. Bales (Eds.), Small groups: Studies in social interaction. New York: Knopf, 1955.

Tuckman, B. W. Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 1965, 63, 384-399.

Wells, W. P. Group age and scientific performance. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1962.