The Megalithic Astronomy of Easter Island: Orientations of AHU and MOAI

Van Tilburg J. A. , private communication (1987). See also her 1986 Ph.D. dissertation for the University of California, Los Angeles, “Power and symbol: The stylistic analysis of Easter Island monolithic sculpture”.

Bellwood P. , The Polynesians (London, 1987), chap. 3.

Buck P. H. , Vikings of the Pacific (Chicago, 1938).

Sinoto Y. H. , “An archaeologically based assessment of the Marquesas Islands as a dispersal center in East Polynesia”, Pacific anthropological records, xi (1970), 105–32.

Thor Heyerdahl , “Did Polynesian culture originate in America?”, International science, May 1941, 1ff.

Lewis D. , “Polynesian navigational methods”, Journal of the Polynesian Society, lxxiii (1964), 364–74. See also Bateson F. , “Polynesian navigation”, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, lxxi (1959), 187–93.

Baker P. E. , “Preliminary account of recent geological investigations on Easter Island”, Geological magazine, civ (1967), 116–22.

Flenly J. R. King S. M. , “Late quaternary pollen records from Easter Island”, Nature, cccvii (1984), 47–56.

Metraux A. , Ethnology of Easter Island, Bishop Museum, Bulletin no. 160 (1940), 68.

McCoy P. C. , Easter Island settlement patterns in the late prehistoric and protohistoric periods, International Fund for Monuments, Inc., Easter Island Committee, Bulletin no. 5 (1976), 94.

Archaeology of Easter Island: Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific, i, ed. by Thor Heyerdahl Edwin N. Ferdon Jr (School of American Research and Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fé, 1961), 505–12.

Van Tilburg J. A. (see ref. 1). Englert S. (op. cit. (ref. 14), 269) reports finding at most 15 moai.

McCoy , op. cit. (ref. 10), 95.

Englert S. , La Tierra de Hotu Matu'a: Historia y etnología de la Isla de Pascua (Santiago, 1974), 80.

Palmer J. L. , “A visit to Easter Island, or Rapa-Nui”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, xiv (1870), 108–19.

Thomson W. J. , “Te pito te henua or Easter Island”, U.S. National Museum annual report for 1889 (Washington, D.C., 1889), 447–552.

Routledge K. S. , The mystery of Easter Island (London, 1919).

Metraux A. , Ethnology of Easter Island, and Easter Island: A stone age civilization of the Pacific (London, 1957).

Metraux , Easter Island 87.

Metraux , Ethnology of Easter Island 52.

Englert , La Tierra de Hotu Matu'a 242; Johnson R. K. Mahelona J. K. , Na Inca Hoku: A catalogue of Hawaiian and Pacific star names (Topgallant Publishing Co., Honolulu, 1975).

Metraux , Ethnology of Easter Island 50.

Liller W. , “Celestial happenings on Easter Island: A.d. 760–837”, Archaeoastronomy (College Park), ix (1986), 52–58.

See ref. 17.

Thomson , op. cit. (ref. 16); Palmer , op. cit. (ref. 15).

Routledge , The mystery of Easter Island 235.

Lavachery H. , Ile de Pâques (Paris, 1935), 68–69.

Routledge , The mystery of Easter Island, 254–68.

Ferdon E. N. Jr , “The ceremonial site of Orongo”, in op. cit. (ref. 11), 221–72.

Smith C. S. , “A temporal sequence derived from certain ahu”, ibid., 181–220.

Routledge , The mystery of Easter Island 170.

Smith , op. cit. (ref. 30), 189.

Mulloy W. , “The ceremonial center of Vinapu”, in op. cit. (ref. 11), 93–180.

Englert , La Tierra de Hotu Matu'a (ref. 14), 257–74.

Mulloy W. Figueroa G. , The A Kivi-Vai Teka complex and its relationship to Easter Island architectural prehistory, Asian and Pacific Archaeology Series, no. 8 (Honolulu, 1978).

Mulloy W. Liller W. Lee G. , “Ahu orientations on Easter Island”, in preparation. A computer diskette containing Mulloy's data and prepared by Dr Frank Morin is available from the present author.

Mulloy W. , “A solstice oriented ahu on Easter Island”, Archaeology and physical anthropology in Oceania, x (1975), 13–18.

McCoy P. C. , op. cit. (ref. 10). See also the Atlas (ref. 39), 3.

Cristino C. Vargas P. Izaurieta R. , Atlas arqueológico de Isla de Pascua (Corporación Toesca, Santiago, Chile, 1981).

Edwards E. Clark M. A. , “Preliminary report of possible astronomical relationships in Quadrangle 31, Ahu Ra'ai, Easter Island, South Pacific” (private circulation).

Clark Malcolm A. , “Sun, moon and volcanoes on Easter Island”, paper delivered at the International Conference on Easter Island and Eastern Polynesia, Easter Island, 1984.

Ferdon , op. cit. (ref. 28).

Lee G. Liller W. , “Easter Island's ‘Sun Stones’: A critique”, Journal of the Polynesian Society, xcvi (1987), 81–93; Lee G. Liller W. , “The ‘Sun Stones’ of Easter Island: A re-evaluation”, Archaeoastronomy (Supplement to JHA), no. 11 (1987), S1–11.

Mulloy , op. cit. (ref. 33), 94.

Liller W. Duarte J. , “Easter Island's ‘Solar Ranging Device’, Ahu Huri A Urenga, and vicinity”, Archaeoastronomy (College Park), ix (1986), 39–51.

Mulloy , op. cit. (ref. 37).

Englert , La Tierra de Hotu Matu'a 269.

See ref. 36.

Campbell R. , La cultura de la Isla de Pasqua: Mito y realidad (Santiago, Chile), 130–71.

Mulloy , op. cit. (ref. 37); Liller Duarte , op. cit. (ref. 45). The writer has visited Easter Island eight times since 1983, and with camera, alidade, and a theodolite kindly loaned to him by the Dirección Meteorólogo has measured orientations at approximately 200 sites.

Mulloy , op. cit. (ref. 33), 94.

See ref. 34.

Thom A. , “A statistical examination of the megalithic sites in Britain”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, A cxviii (1955), 275–95.

Smith , op. cit. (ref. 29), 184–9.

Englert , La Tierra de Hotu Matu'a 81.

McCoy , op. cit. (ref. 10), 98.

Englert , La Tierra de Hotu Matu'a, 260–74.

Routledge , The mystery of Easter Island, 168–9.

Englert , La Tierra de Hotu Matu'a 242.

See ref. 36.

The archaeological map of Quadrangle 33, intended for the Atlas but as yet unpublished, was made available to me through the kindness of Dr R. Izaurieta and Dr M. Clark.

Thom A. , “The solar observatories of megalithic man”, Journal of the British Astronomical Association, lxiv (1954), 396–404.

See ref. 36.

McCoy , op. cit. (ref. 10), 98.

Mulloy , op. cit. (ref. 37); Liller Duarte , op. cit. (ref. 45).

McCoy , op. cit. (ref. 10), 98; Stevenson C. , private communication (1987). See also his 1984 Ph.D. dissertation for Pennsylvania State University, “Corporate descent group structure in Easter Island prehistory”.

Mulloy , op. cit. (ref. 37).

Cristino Vargas Izaurieta , Atlas arqueológico de Isla de Pascua..

Liller Duarte , op. cit. (ref. 45).

Lee Liller , op. cit. (ref. 43).

Lavachery H. , “Easter Island, Polynesia”, Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, 1936 (Washington, D.C., 1937), 391–6.

McCoy P. C. , unpublished field notes. 1969, from a copy in the library of the Centro de Estudios de Isla de Pascua of the University of Chile.

Fuentes J. , Dictionary and grammar of the Easter Island language (Santiago, Chile, 1960).