The Interrelationship of Rock Art and Astronomical Practice in the American Southwest

Young M. J. , “Issues in the archaeoastronomical endeavor in the American Southwest” [summary of panel discussion, conference on “Astronomy and ceremony in the prehistoric Southwest”], in Astronomy and ceremony in the prehistoric Southwest, ed. by Carlson J. B. Judge W. J. (Albuquerque, New Mexico, forthcoming).

Chamberlin T. C. , cited in Billings M. P. , Structural geology (New York, 1954), 3.

Chamberlin T. C. , “The method of multiple working hypotheses”, Science, cxlviii (1965), 754–9, p. 756.

Young M. J. , “The nature of the evidence: Archaeoastronomy in the prehistoric Southwest” [summary of paper session, conference on “Astronomy and ceremony in the prehistoric Southwest”], in Astronomy and ceremony in the prehistoric Southwest, ed. by Carlson Judge (ref. 1). See also Young M. J. , Signs from the ancestors: Zuni cultural symbolism as illustrated through perceptions of rock art (Albuquerque, New Mexico, forthcoming).

Frank H. Roberts H. Jr , “The Village of the Great Kivas on the Zuni reservation, New Mexico”, Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin, no. 111 (Washington, D.C., 1932), 151; Young , op. cit. (ref. 4).

Young , op. cit. (ref. 4).

Ibid..

Ibid..

Young M. J. , “Images of power and the power of images: The significance of rock art for contemporary Zunis”, Journal of American folklore, xcviii (1985), 3–48, p. 42. 10. Hammack F. H. Ellis , “The inner sanctum of feather cave, a Mogollon sun and earth shrine linking Mexico and the Southwest”, American antiquity, xxxiii (1968), 25–44, p. 35; Ellis F. H. , “A thousand years of the Pueblo sun-moon-star calendar”, in Archaeoastronomy in pre-Columbian America, ed. by Aveni A. F. (Austin and London, 1975), 59–87, pp. 74–75.

Young , op. cit. (ref. 4).

Miller W. C. , “Two possible astronomical pictographs found in northern Arizona”, Plateau, xxvii (1955), 6–12; idem, “Two prehistoric drawings of possible astronomical significance”, Astronomical Society of the Pacific leaflet, no. 314 (1955).

Wellmann K. F. , “An astronomical petroglyph in Capitol Reef National Park, Utah”, Southwestern lore, xlii (1976), 4–13; idem, “Further remarks on an astronomical petroglyph in Capitol Reef National Park, Utah”, Archaeoastronomy (Supplement to the Journal for the history of astronomy), no. 1 (1979), S75–77.

Brandt J. C. , “Possible rock art records of the Crab Nebula supernova in the western United States”, in Archaeoastronomy in pre-Columbian America, ed. by Aveni (ref. 10), 45–58; Brandt J. C. Williamson R. A. , “The 1054 supernova in Native American rock art”, Archaeoastronomy (Supplement to the Journal for the history of astronomy), no. 1 (1979), Sl–38.

Brandt Williamson , op. cit. (ref. 14), 3.

Williamson R. A. , Living the sky: The cosmos of the American Indian (Boston, 1984), 188.

Ibid..

Zeilik M. , personal communication, 1983. See also Ellis , op. cit. (ref. 10), 59–64, 87.

Ellis , op. cit. (ref. 10), 60–63.

Young , op. cit. (ref. 1).

Sofaer A. Zinser V. Sinclair R. M. , “A unique solar marking construct”, Science, ccvi (1979), 283–91; Frazier K. , “The Anasazi sun dagger”, Science 80 (1979), 57–67.

Sofaer A. Sinclair R. M. , “Astronomical markings at three sites on Fajade Butte”, in Astronomy and ceremony in the prehistoric Southwest, ed. by Carlson Judge (ref. 1).

Preston R. A. Preston A. L. , “The discovery of 18 calendric petroglyph sites in Arizona”, The bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, xiv (1982); Preston R. A. Preston A. L. , “The discovery of 19 prehistoric calendric petroglyph sites in Arizona”, in Astronomy and ceremony in the prehistoric Southwest, ed. by Carlson Judge (ref. 1); Williamson , op. cit. (ref. 16), 92–94.

Sofaer A. Sinclair R. M. Doggett L. , “Lunar markings on Fajade Butte, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico”, in Archaeoastronomy in the New World, ed. by Aveni A. F. (Cambridge, 1982), 169–81; Sofaer Sinclair , op. cit. (ref. 22).

This question is raised in Newman E. B. Mark R. K. Vivian R. G. , “Anasazi solar marker: The use of a natural rockfall”, Science, ccxvii (1982), 1036–8. For cogent reviews of the astronomical import of this site see Zeilik M. , “The Fajada Butte solar marker: A reevaluation”, Science, ccxxviii (1985), 1311–13, and Carlson J. B. , “Romancing the stone, or moonshine on the sun dagger”, in Astronomy and ceremony in the prehistoric Southwest, ed. by Carlson Judge (ref. 1).

Williamson , op. cit. (ref. 16), 94.

Williamson R. A. Young M. J. , “An equinox sun petroglyph panel at Hovenweep National Monument”, in American Indian rock art, v, ed. by Bock F. G. Hedges K. Lee G. Michaelis H. (El Toro, Calif., 1979), 70–80.

Preston Preston , op. cit. (ref. 22).

Schaafsma P. , “Form, content, and function: Theory and method in North American rock art studies”, in Advances in archaeological method and theory, viii, ed. by Schiffer M. (New York, San Francisco and London, 1985), 237–77, pp. 264–6.

The term ‘hierophany’ is taken from the work of the historian of religion Mircea Eliade who describes it as “the act of manifestation of the sacred”. See Eliade M. , The sacred and the profane (New York, 1959), 11.

Fewkes J. W. , “A few Tusayan pictographs”, American anthropologist, v (1892), 9–26, p. 20; Fewkes J. W. , “Ancient Pueblo and Mexican water symbol”, American anthropologist, new ser., vi (1904), 535–8; Young , op. cit. (refs 4, 9).

Ellis , op. cit. (ref. 10), 86–87; Williamson R. A. Fisher H. J. O'Flynn D. , “Anasazi solar observatories”, in Native American astronomy, ed. by Aveni A. F. (Austin and London, 1977), 203–17; Benson C. , “The Anasazi sun-watching stations”, El Palacio, lxxxvi (1980), 4–9.

Cushing F. H. , My Adventures in Zuñi (Palmer Lake, Col., 1967; originally publ. in 1882), 40–41; Ellis , op. cit. (ref. 10); Fewkes J. W. , “A few summer ceremonials at Zuni Pueblo”, Journal of American ethnology and archaeology, i (1891), 1–61; Stephen A. M. , “Hopi journal of Alexander M. Stephen”, ed. by Parsons E. C. (New York, 1936), Map 4; Stevenson M. C. , “The Zuni Indians: Their mythology, esoteric fraternities, and ceremonies”, in Bureau of American Ethnology 23rd annual report (Washington, D.C., 1904), 108–18.

Cushing , op. cit. (ref. 32).

Williamson Fisher O'Flynn , op. cit. (ref. 31), 206; Young , op. cit. (ref. 1).

Ellis , op. cit. (ref. 10), 87.

Stevenson , op. cit. (ref. 32), 117–18; V. Mindeleff , “A study of Pueblo architecture in Tusayan and Cibola”, in Bureau of American Ethnology 8th annual report (Washington, D.C., 1891), 86; Lange C. H. Riley C. L. (eds), The Southwestern journals of Adolph F. Bandelier: 1883–1884 (Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1970), 44.

Stevenson , op. cit. (ref. 32), 118, Figure 3.

Ellis , op. cit. (ref. 10), 80.

Ibid. 62.

Williamson Fisher O'Flynn , op. cit. (ref. 31), 205–6; Williamson , op. cit. (ref. 16), 89–91; Zeilik M. Elston R. , “Wijiji at Chaco Canyon: A winter solstice sunrise and sunset station”, Archaeoastronomy, vi (1983), 66–73.

Benson , op. cit. (ref. 31); Ellis , op. cit. (ref. 10).

Schaafsma P. , Rock art in New Mexico (Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1972), 53, Figure 47; Schaafsma , op. cit. (ref. 28), 266.

Williamson R. A. , “Sky symbolism in a Navajo rock art site, Chaco Canyon”, Archaeoastronomy, vi (1983), 59–65; Williamson , op. cit. (ref. 16), 170–3.

Zeilik Elston , op. cit. (ref. 40), 73.

Young , op. cit. (ref. 1). For a thorough analysis of the distinction between sites that functioned as shrines and those that were used for the purpose of calendrical observation, see Zeilik M. , “Sun shrines and sun symbols in the U.S. Southwest”, Archaeoastronomy (Supplement to the Journal of the history of astronomy), no. 9 (1985), S86–96.