The Interpretation of the Pecked Cross Symbols at Teotihuacan: A Methodological Note

Proceedings appear in Heggie D. C. (ed.), Archaeoastronomy in the Old World (Cambridge, 1982) and Aveni A. F. (ed.), Archaeoastronomy in the New World (Cambridge, 1982).

Aveni A. F. Horst Hartung Beth Buckingham , “The pecked cross symbol in ancient Mesoamerica”, Science, ccii (1978), 267–79.

Aveni A. F. , Skywatchers of ancient Mexico (Austin & London, 1980), 230; Chiu B. C. Philip Morrison , “Astronomical origin of the offset street grid at Teotihuacan”, Archaeoastronomy, no. 2 (1980), S55–64, pp. S55–58.

Aveni , op. cit. (ref. 2).

Aveni , op. cit. (ref. 3), 222–8; Chiu Morrison , op. cit. (ref. 3), S55–57.

Aveni , op. cit. (ref. 3), 222–3.

Chiu Morrison , op. cit. (ref. 3), S58–63.

Aveni , op. cit (ref. 2), Fig. 1 and Table 1.

Chiu Morrison , op. cit. (ref. 3), S55–57.

Ibid., S58.

Aveni , op. cit. (ref. 2), Table 1.

Aveni A. F. , “Note on a new pecked cross discovered at Teotihuacan”, Archaeoastronomy bulletin, v (1) (1982), 6.

Freeman P. R. Elmore W. , “A test for the significance of astronomical alignments”, Archaeoastronomy, no. 1 (1979), S86–96.

Millon R. , (ed.), Urbanization at Teotihuacan, Mexico, ii: Millon R. Drewitt R. B. Cowgill G. L. , The Teotihuacan map, Part 2: Maps (Austin & London, 1973).

Armillas P. , “Exploraciones recientes en Teotihuacan, México”, Cuadernos Americanos, xvi (1944), 121–36.

Millon R. , (ed.), Urbanization at Teotihuacan, Mexico, i: Millon R. , The Teotihuacan map, Part 1: Text (Austin & London, 1973), 52.

Ibid., 54–5.

Ibid. 55 (footnote), referencing Berger R. Fergusson G. J. Libby W. F. , “U.C.L.A. radiocarbon dates IV”, Radiocarbon (supplement to American journal of science), vii (1965), 336–71.

Aveni , op. cit. (ref. 2), 271.

Smith A. L. , “Uaxactun, Guatemala: Excavations of 1931–7”, Carnegie Institute of Washington Publications, no. 588 (1950).

Ibid., 21–22 and Fig. 60.

Ibid., Fig. 60.

Ibid. 23.

Aveni , op cit. (ref. 2).

Ibid., Fig. 1.

Ibid., Table 1 and p. 272.

Chiu Morrison , op. cit. (ref. 3).

Zuidema R. T. , “The Inca calendar”, in Native American astronomy, ed. by Aveni A. F. (Austin, Texas, 1977), 219–59; idem, “The Inca observatories in Cuzco of the solar and lunar passages through the zenith and anti-zenith”, in Archaeoastronomy in the Americas, ed. by Williamson Ray A. (Los Altos, Calif., 1981), 319–42; Aveni A. F. , “Horizon astronomy in Incaic Cuzco”, ibid., 305–18.

Aveni A. F. Horst Hartung , “New observations of the pecked cross petroglyph”, Lateinamerika Studien, x (1982), 25–41.

See Millon R. Drewitt B. Cowgill G. , Urbanization at Teotihuacan (Austin, Texas, 1973). The authors should have relied on these references for their orientation data rather than using Chiu and Morrison, a secondary reference.

Dow James W. , “Astronomical orientations at Teotihuacan: A case study in astro-archaeology”, American antiquity, xxxii (1967), 326–34.

See Aveni A. F. , Skywatchers of ancient Mexico (Austin, Texas, 1980), for a list of references.

Smith A. L. , “Uaxactun, Guatemala, excavations of 1931–1937”, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications, no. 588; the reference is on p. 22.

Aveni A. F. Hartung H. Kelley J. C. , “Alta Vista (Chalchihuites), astronomical implications of a Mesoamerican ceremonial outpost at the Tropic of Cancer”, American antiquity, xlvii (1981), 316–35.

Aveni Hartung , op. cit., espec. pp. 35–36. Long-distance alignments utilizing pecked crosses also have been proposed at Alta Vista (see ref. 7).

Iwaniszewski S. , “New pecked cross designs discovered at Teotihuacan”, Archaeoastronomy: The bulletin of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, v, no. 4 (1982), 22–23.